½à¾»ÊÒ±ê×¼¹æ·¶
ÐÐÒµ½â¾ö·½°¸
Ëæ»úÎÄÕÂÑ¡¶Á
ÁªÏµÎÒÃÇ
  • ÁªÏµÈË£º¶­ÏÈÉú
  • ÁªÏµµç»°£º137-10902965

ҽѧʵÑéÊÒ-°²È«ÒªÇó£¨ISO15190£º2003, IDT£©

ÎÄÕÂÀ´Ô´£ºhttp://www.iwuchen.com/  2015Äê08ÔÂ16ÈÕ  µã»÷Êý£º10576

  Ò½Ñ§ÊµÑéÊÒ - °²È«ÒªÇó

Medical laboratories-requirements for safety
£¨ISO15190£º2003, IDT£©

ÖйúʵÑéÊÒ¹ú¼ÒÈÏ¿ÉίԱ»á
×éÖ¯±àÒë
¶þOOÈýÄêÊ®¶þÔÂ



Ç° ÑÔ

±¾±ê×¼µÈͬ²ÉÓÃISO 15190£º2003£¨E£©¡¶Ò½Ñ§ÊµÑéÊÒ£­°²È«ÒªÇó¡·£¬ÎªÇ¿ÖÆÐÔ¹ú¼Ò±ê×¼¡£¶Ô±¾±ê×¼ÖÐʹÓÃÁË¡°½¨Òé¡­¡­¡±µÈÍƼöÐÔÃèÊöµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬²»×÷ΪǿÖÆÐÔÒªÇó¡£
ÕýÈç±¾±ê×¼¸½Â¼AÒýÑÔÖÐËùÖ¸³öµÄ£¬±¾±ê×¼ÊÊÓÃÓÚҽѧÁìÓòµÄËùÓÐÀàÐÍʵÑéÊÒ£¬´Ó×ÊÔ´ÓÐÏÞµÄÒ°ÍâÏÖ³¡ÊµÑéÊÒµ½´óÐ͵ÄÑо¿ºÍ½ÌÓý»ú¹¹¡£
   
±¾±ê×¼¹æ¶¨ÁËҽѧʵÑéÊÒÓ¦×ñÊصݲȫҪÇó¡£µ±Ò½Ñ§ÊµÑéÊÒÉæ¼°²Ù×÷¢ó¼¶¡¢¢ô¼¶·À»¤Ë®Æ½µÄÉúÎïÒò×Ó£¨¼´ÐèÒªÔÚBSL3¡¢BSL4ʵÑéÊÒÄÚ²Ù×÷£©Ê±£¬»¹Ó¦·ûºÏGB 19489¡¶ÊµÑéÊÒ ÉúÎﰲȫͨÓÃÒªÇó¡·µÄÒªÇó¡£
   
ÔÚ±¾±ê×¼ÖУ¬ÊõÓïµÄ±í´ï·½Ê½¾¡Á¿ÓëÎÒ¹úÆäËûÏà¹Ø±ê×¼Ò»Ö£¬µ«ÓÐЩÊõÓÀýÈ磬risk£º·çÏÕ£©¿ÉÄÜÔÚÎÒ¹úÏÖÐеÄÆäËû±ê×¼ÖÐÓв»Í¬µÄ±í´ï¡£
   
±¾±ê×¼µÄ¸½Â¼A¡¢¸½Â¼B¡¢¸½Â¼CΪ×ÊÁÏÐÔ¸½Â¼¡£
   
±¾±ê×¼Óɹú¼ÒÈÏÖ¤ÈϿɼල¹ÜÀíίԱ»áÌá³ö¡£
   
±¾±ê×¼ÓÉÈ«¹úÈÏÖ¤ÈϿɱê×¼»¯¼¼ÊõίԱ»á£¨TC£¯261£©¹é¿Ú¡£
   
±¾±ê×¼Ö÷ÒªÆð²Ýµ¥Î»£ºÖйúʵÑéÊÒ¹ú¼ÒÈÏ¿ÉίԱ»á¡¢Öйú¼²²¡Ô¤·À¿ØÖÆÖÐÐÄ¡¢ÎÀÉú²¿ÁÙ´²¼ìÑéÖÐÐÄ¡¢ÖйúÒ©ÎïÉúÎïÖÆÆ·¼ì¶¨Ëù¡¢±±¾©¾üÇø×ÜÒ½Ôº¡¢Çൺ³öÈë¾³¼ìÑé¼ìÒß¾Ö
±¾±ê×¼Ö÷ÒªÆð²ÝÈË£ºÂÀ¾©¡¢Â¬½ðÐÇ¡¢ÅíÃ÷æá¢Àî¹ÚÃñ¡¢ºÎÌú´º¡¢Áõѧ»Ý¡¢µÔÅà¾ü

ISO ÒýÑÔ

±¾±ê×¼¹æ¶¨ÁËÔÚҽѧʵÑéÊÒ½¨Á¢²¢Î¬³Ö°²È«¹¤×÷»·¾³µÄÒªÇó¡£ÓëËùÓдËÀలȫָÄÏÒ»Ñù£¬ÒªÇóÈ·±£ÓÐרÈ˸º×îÖÕÔðÈΣ¬²¢ÇÒËùÓÐÔ±¹¤¾ù³Ðµ£ÒÔϸöÈËÔðÈΣº
¡ª
ËûÃǹ¤×÷ÖеÄ×ÔÉí°²È«;
¡ª
¿ÉÄÜÊܹ¤×÷Ó°ÏìµÄËûÈ˵ݲȫ¡£
ÿÏîÈÎÎñ¶¼ÐèÒª½øÐзçÏÕÆÀ¹À£¬Ä¿µÄÔÚÓÚ¾¡¿ÉÄÜÏû³ýΣÏÕ¡£Èç¹ûÎÞ·¨Ïû³ýΣÏÕ£¬ÔòÓ¦°´ÏÂÁеÄÓÅÏÈ˳Ðòʹ¸÷ÖÖΣÏյķçÏÕ¼õÖÁ¾¡¿ÉÄܵ͵Äˮƽ£º
1
£© ʹÓÃÌæ´ú·½·¨£»
2
£© ʹÓ÷À»¤·½·¨£»
3
£© ʹÓøöÈË·À»¤´ëÊ©ºÍÉ豸¡£

Ê×ÏÈ¿¼ÂǵÄÊÇ°²È«£¬·ÑÓÃÊÇ´ÎÒªµÄ¡£
±¾±ê×¼Ö¼ÔÚÄ¿Ç°ÒÑÖªµÄҽѧʵÑéÊÒ·þÎñÁìÓòÖÐʹÓ㬵«Ò²¿ÉÄÜÊÊÓÃÓÚÆäËû·þÎñºÍÁìÓò¡£È»¶ø£¬ÎªÈ·±£°²È«£¬²Ù×÷ÐèÒª3¼¶ºÍ4¼¶·À»¤Ë®Æ½µÄÈËÀಡԭÌåµÄҽѧʵÑéÊÒÓ¦·ûºÏ¸½¼ÓÒªÇó¡£
¾¡¹Ü±¾±ê×¼²»ÒâÔÚÌṩÈÏ¿ÉÖ¸ÄÏ£¬µ«Ëü¿É±»Õþ¸®¡¢×¨Òµ»òÆäËûȨÍþ»ú¹¹ÓÃÓÚ¸ÃÄ¿µÄ¡£
¹ú¼Ê¡¢ÇøÓòÐÔ»ò¹ú¼Ò·¨¹æ»òÖ¸Ä϶Ա¾±ê×¼º­¸ÇµÄijЩÌض¨×¨Ìâ¿ÉÒÔÊÊÓá£


ҽѧʵÑéÊÒ-°²È«ÒªÇó

1·¶Î§

±¾±ê×¼¹æ¶¨ÁËҽѧʵÑéÊÒÖа²È«ÐÐΪµÄÒªÇó¡£ 


2¹æ·¶ÐÔÒýÓÃÎļþ 

ÏÂÁÐÒýÓÃÎļþ¶ÔÓ¦Óñ¾±ê×¼ÊDZØÐèµÄ¡£¶ÔÓÚ±êÃ÷ÈÕÆÚµÄÒýÓÃÎļþ£¬Ö»Ê¹ÓÃËùÒýÓð汾¡£¶ÔÓÚδ±êÃ÷ÈÕÆÚµÄÒýÓÃÎļþ£¬Ê¹ÓÃ×îа汾£¨°üÀ¨ËùÓÐÐÞ¶©£©¡£
ISO 15189
£º2003 ҽѧʵÑéÊÒ¡ªÖÊÁ¿ºÍÄÜÁ¦µÄרÓÃÒªÇó¡£


3ÊõÓï¼°¶¨Òå

±¾±ê×¼²ÉÓÃISO 15189¹æ¶¨µÄÒÔ¼°ÏÂÁÐÊõÓïºÍ¶¨Òå¡£
3.1
ÆøÈܽº aerosols
Á£×Ó·ÖÉ¢ÓÚÆøÌå¡¢ÑÌ»òÎíÖÐÐγɵÄÌåϵ¡£
3.2
·À¸¯antisepsis
ʹÓû¯Ñ§ÖƼÁÈç·À¸¯¼ÁÒÔ·ÀÖ¹ÉË¿Ú»òÁÙ´²´¦ÖÃÖÐÊܸÐȾµÄ·½·¨¡£
[BS 6324-1]
3
£®3 ·À¸¯¼Á antiseptic
   
ÓÃÓÚƤ·ô»ò×é֯ɱ¾úµÄ»¯Ñ§ÖƼÁ¡£
3.4
ÉúÎïÒò×Ó biological agents
¿ÉÄÜÒýÆð¸ÐȾ¡¢¹ýÃô»òÖж¾µÄËùÓÐ΢СÉúÎïÌ壬°üÀ¨»ùÒòÐÞÊεġ¢Ï¸°ûÅàÑøµÄºÍ¼ÄÉúÓÚÈËÌåµÄ¡£
×¢£ºÉúÎïÒò×Ó·çÏÕ·Ö¼¶¼ûµÚ4Ìõ¡£
3.5
Çå½à£¨¾»»¯£© cleaning
È¥³ý¿É¼û»ò²»¿É¼ûµÄ¸÷ÀàÎÛȾµÄ¹ý³Ì¡£
3.6
´«È¾¿ØÖƼƻ® control of infection plan
   
Ò½Ôº»òʵÑéÊÒÄÚÓÃÓÚÏÞÖÆ´«È¾À©É¢µÄÕûÌ׳ÌÐò¡£
3.7
È¥ÎÛȾ decontamination
½«Î¢Ð¡ÉúÎïÌå»ò¶¾ÎïÈ¥³ý»ò¼õÉÙÖÁ¸ÐȾÐÔ»òÆäËûÓк¦ÐÔ´ïµ½Ò»¶¨°²È«Ë®Æ½µÄ¹ý³Ì¡£
3.8
Ïû¶¾¼Á disinfectant
¾ßÓÐÏû¶¾×÷ÓõÄÖƼÁ¡£
[BS 6324-1]
3.9
Ïû¶¾disinfection
¼õÉÙ΢ÉúÎͨ³£²»°üÀ¨Ï¸¾úÑ¿°û£©ÊýÁ¿µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬ÎÞÐëɱÃð»òÇå³ýÈ«²¿µÄ΢ÉúÎï¡£
3.10
¹¤Ð§Ñ§ ergonomics
Ñо¿ÈËÔÚ¹¤×÷»·¾³ÖÐЧÂʵÄѧ¿Æ¡£
×¢£º¸ÃÊõÓï°üÀ¨ÉúÎïÁ¦Ñ§¡¢ÀͶ¯ÉúÀíѧ¡¢Ä£ÄâÈËÌåѧºÍÈË-»ú½çÃæ¡£
3.11
ÅÅ·çÕÖ£¨ÑÌÕÖ£© extraction hood£¨fume hood£©
   
¹ñ»òÖÃÓÚʵÑéÊÒÉ豸ÉÏ·½µÄÕÖ£¬ÓÃÒÔÅųö¿ÕÆø»òÑÌÎí±ÜÃâÆäÔÚÊÒÄÚÑ­»·¡£
3.12
ΣÏÕ hazard
Σº¦µÄDZÔÚÀ´Ô´¡£
[IEC 61010-1
£º2001]
3.13
ΣÏÕ·ÏÎï hazardous waste
ÓÐDZÔÚ¿ÉȼÐÔ¡¢Ò×ȼÐÔ¡¢Ò×±¬ÐÔ¡¢¸¯Ê´ÐÔ¡¢¶¾ÐÔ¡¢·´Ó¦ÐÔ£¬¶ÔÈË»ò¶Ô»·¾³Óк¦µÄ·ÏÎï¡£
3.14
²ÄÁÏ°²È«Êý¾Ýµ¥ material safety data sheet(MSDS)
ÌṩÏêϸµÄΣÏպ;¯Ê¾ÐÅÏ¢µÄ¼¼Êõͨ±¨¡£
3.15
΢ÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñ microbiological safety cabinet£¨MSC£©
ÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñbiological safety cabinet
ÅÅ·ç¹ñ¡£Í¨¹ý¶ÔÅŵ½´óÆøÖеÄÆøÌå¹ýÂË£¬·ÀÖ¹²Ù×÷Õߺͻ·¾³½Ó´¥µ½´¦ÀíÓÐDZÔÚΣÏÕÐÔºÍΣÏÕ΢ÉúÎïʱ²úÉúµÄÆøÈܽº¡£
×¢£º¸ù¾ÝEN 12469:2000¸Äд¡£
3.16
΢ÉúÎï microorganism
¿É¸´ÖÆ»òתÒÆÒÅ´«ÎïÖʵÄϸ°û»ò·Çϸ°ûµÄ΢СÉúÎïÌå¡£
3.17
ÔëÉùnoise
ÒÔÉùÄܵÄÐÎʽ¿ÉÄܶԽ¡¿µ²úÉú²»ÀûÓ°ÏìµÄÓк¦ÉùÒô¡£
3.18
¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸ personal protective equipment
·ÀÖ¹ÈËÔ±Êܵ½»¯Ñ§»òÉúÎïÎÛȾµÄÓþߣ¨°üÀ¨·þ×°£©¡£

3.19 ·ÅÉäÐÔºËËØ radionuclide
ÌìÈ»»òºÏ³ÉµÄ¿É·¢³öµçÀë·øÉäµÄ²»Îȶ¨Ô­×Ӻˡ£
3.20
·çÏÕ risk
Σº¦·¢ÉúµÄ¸ÅÂʼ°ÆäÑÏÖØÐÔµÄ×ۺϡ£
3.21
°²È«ÕÖ safety hood
ÖÃÓÚҽѧʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷³¡Ëù»òÉ豸ÉÏ·½µÄÕÖ£¬ÒÔ½µµÍʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±µÄ·çÏÕ¡£
3.22
½¦Â©´¦Àí¹¤¾ß°ü spill kit
ÓÃÓÚÈ¥³ýʵÑéÊÒ±íÃæ»òÉ豸ÉϵĻ¯Ñ§ÎïÖÊ»ò΢ÉúÎïµÄÌ××°Óþߡ£
3.23
µ²½¦°å splash guard
ÓÃÓÚ·ÀÖ¹ÈËÔ±ÊÜÒºÌåÎÛȾµÄ×°Öá£
3.24
Ãð¾ú sterilization
ʹÎïÆ·²»´æÔÚ΢ÉúÎïµÄÓÐЧ¹ý³Ì¡£
3.25
¼¼ÊõÇø technical area
ҽѧʵÑéÊÒÖл®×÷Ñù±¾×¼±¸»ò¼ìÑéµÄÇøÓò¡£
3.26
×éÖ¯ tissue

¶¯Îï»òÖ²ÎïµÄר»¯Ï¸°ûÕ³×ÅÔÚÒ»ÆðËù¹¹³ÉµÄϸ°û¼¯ºÏ¡£


4 ·çÏÕ·Ö¼¶

ÉúÎïÒò×Ó·Ö4¸ö·çÏյȼ¶£º
a) I
¼¶·çÏÕ£¨¸öÌåµÍ·çÏÕ£¬ÈºÌåµÍ·çÏÕ£© 
²»»áʹ½¡¿µ¹¤×÷Õß»ò¶¯ÎïÖ²¡µÄ΢ÉúÎÈçϸ¾ú¡¢Õæ¾ú¡¢²¡¶¾£©ºÍ¼ÄÉú³æµÈ£¨ÀýÈç·ÇÖ²¡ÐÔÉúÎïÒò×Ó£©¡£
b) ¢ò
¼¶·çÏÕ (¸öÌåÖзçÏÕ£¬ÈºÌåÓÐÏÞ·çÏÕ)  
ÄÜÒýÆðÈËÀà»ò¶¯Îï·¢²¡£¬µ«Ò»°ãÇé¿ö϶Խ¡¿µ¹¤×÷Õß¡¢ÈºÌå¡¢¼ÒÐó»ò»·¾³²»¹¹³ÉÑÏÖØΣÏյIJ¡Ô­Ì壨ÈçStaphlococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes£©¡£ÊµÑéÊÒ±©Â¶ºÜÉÙÒýÆðÖÂÑÏÖØÐÔ¼²²¡µÄ¸ÐȾ£»¾ß±¸ÓÐЧÖÎÁƺÍÔ¤·À´ëÊ©£¬²¢ÇÒ´«²¥·çÏÕÓÐÏÞ¡£
c) ¢ó
¼¶·çÏÕ£¨¸öÌå¸ß·çÏÕ£¬ÈºÌåµÍ·çÏÕ£©
ÄÜÒýÆðÈËÀà»ò¶¯ÎïÑÏÖØÐÔ¼²²¡£¬»òÔì³ÉÑÏÖؾ­¼ÃËðʧ£¬µ«Í¨³£²»ÄÜÒòżȻ½Ó´¥¶øÔÚ¸öÌå¼ä´«²¥£¬»òÄÜʹÓÿ¹ÉúËØ¡¢¿¹¼ÄÉú³æÒ©ÖÎÁƵIJ¡Ô­Ìå(ÈçSalmonella typhi,prion)¡£
d) ¢ô
¼¶·çÏÕ (¸öÌå¸ß·çÏÕ£¬ÈºÌå¸ß·çÏÕ)
ÄÜÒýÆðÈËÀà»ò¶¯Îï·Ç³£ÑÏÖصļ²²¡£¬Ò»°ã²»ÄÜÖÎÓú£¬ÈÝÒ×Ö±½Ó»ò¼ä½Ó»òÒòżȻ½Ó´¥ÔÚÈËÓëÈË¡¢»ò¶¯ÎïÓëÈË¡¢»òÈËÓ붯Îï¡¢»ò¶¯ÎïÓ붯Îï¼ä´«²¥µÄ²¡Ô­Ì壨Èçsmallpox virus£©¡£
´¦Àí¢óºÍ¢ô¼¶·çÏÕ´«È¾Òò×ÓµÄҽѧʵÑéÊÒÓ¦·ûºÏ¸½¼ÓÒªÇóÒÔÈ·±£°²È«¡£
×¢: I¡¢¢ò¡¢¢óºÍ¢ô¼¶·çÏÕÔÚÅ·ÖÞ³ÆΪΣÏյȼ¶1¡¢2¡¢3ºÍ4£¨Hazard Groups 1,2,3ºÍ4£©¡£¢ò¡¢¢óºÍ¢ô¼¶·çÏÕµÄÉúÎïÒò×ÓÒà¿É³ÆΪ¡°²¡Ô­Ì塱£¨pathogens£©»ò¡°¸ÐȾÒò×Ó¡±£¨infectious agents£©¡£


5¹ÜÀíÒªÇó

5.1 ¹ÜÀíÔðÈÎ
ʵÑéÊÒ¹ÜÀí²ãÓ¦¶ÔËùÓÐÔ±¹¤ºÍʵÑéÊÒÀ´·ÃÕߵݲȫ¸ºÔð¡£×îÖÕÔðÈÎÓ¦ÓÉʵÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈË»òÖ¸¶¨µÄÓëÆäְλÏ൱Õ߳е£¡£
5.2
Ô±¹¤½¡¿µ¹ÜÀí
ËùÓÐÈËÔ±Ó¦ÓÐÖ¤Ã÷Îļþ£¬±íÃ÷Æä½ÓÊܹýʹÓÃҽѧ(ÁÙ´²)ʵÑéÊÒÉèÊ©µÄDZÔÚ·çÏÕµÄÏà¹ØÅàѵ¡£
½¨ÒéËùÓÐÈËÔ±¸æÖªÆäÒ½ÉúÆäÔÚҽѧʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷¡£Ó¦Ç¿ÁÒ½¨ÒéËùÓÐÈËÔ±¸ù¾Ý¿ÉÄܽӴ¥µÄÉúÎï½ÓÊÜÃâÒß½ÓÖÖÒÔÔ¤·À¸ÐȾ¡£±ÈÈ磬ӦÏòËùÓÐÒò¹¤×÷½Ó´¥»ò´¦ÀíÈËѪ¡¢ÑªÇå¡¢ÌåÒº»òÈËÌå×éÖ¯µÄÈËÔ±ÌṩÒÒÐ͸ÎÑ×ÒßÃç¡£ÃâÒ߼ǼµÄ±£´æÓ¦·ûºÏISO 15189¡£


6°²È«Éè¼Æ

6.1Ô¤ÏÈ¿¼ÂÇ
ÔÚ¿¼ÂÇн¨ÊµÑéÊÒ»ò¼Æ»®¶ÔÒѽ¨µÄʵÑéÊÒ½øÐнṹ¸ÄÔìʱ£¬Ó¦×ñÊØÏàÓ¦µÄ¹ú¼Ò¡¢µØ·½½¨Öþ·¨¹æ£¬°üÀ¨¶ÔʵÑéÊÒµÄרÓý¨Öþ°²È«±ê×¼¡£Î´µÃµ½ÊµÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈË»òÆäÖ¸¶¨´ú±íµÄÐí¿É½ûÖ¹½øÐн¨Öþ»ò¹¤³Ì×÷Òµ¡£
×¢£º¿É´Ó¹ú¼ÊºÍ¹ú¼Ò±ê×¼»¯»ú¹¹µÃµ½°ïÖúÐÅÏ¢¡£
6.2
ͨÓÃÉè¼ÆÒªÇó
ʵÑéÊÒµÄÉè¼ÆÓ¦±£Ö¤¶Ô¼¼Êõ¹¤×÷ÇøÓòÖÐ΢ÉúÎï¡¢»¯Ñ§¡¢·ÅÉäºÍÎïÀíΣº¦µÄ·À»¤Ë®Æ½¿ØÖÆÓë¾­¹ýÆÀ¹ÀµÄ·çÏճ̶ÈÏàÊÊÓ¦£¬²¢Îª¹ØÁªµÄ°ì¹«ÇøÓòºÍÁÙ½üµÄ¹«¹²¿Õ¼äÌṩ°²È«µÄ¹¤×÷»·¾³£¬ÒÔ½µµÍÖÜΧÉçÇøµÄ·çÏÕ¡£Í¨Ïò³ö¿ÚµÄ×ßÀȺÍͨµÀÓ¦ÎÞÕÏ°­¡£
ʵÑéÊÒµÄÉè¼ÆÓ¦±£Ö¤½«²ÉѪÇø£¨µ±²ÉѪÇøλÓÚʵÑéÊÒÇøÓòÄÚʱ£©¡¢Ñù±¾½ÓÊÕÇø¡¢¹ÜÀíÇøºÍ·ÖÎöÇøÃ÷È··Ö¿ª¡£Ã¿¸öÇøÓò¶¼Ó¦ÓÐÊÊÓÚÔÚÇøÄÚ¿ªÕ¹¹¤×÷µÄÊÜ¿Ø»·¾³ÒÔ¼°ÉèÊ©¡¢¼Ò¾ß¡¢¹¤×÷ÃæºÍµØÃæ¡£Ó¦ÓÐ×ã¹»µÄÎÞÕÏ°­¿Õ¼äÒÔ°²È«¹¤×÷£¬°üÀ¨´óÐÍÉ豸ÖÜΧӦÓпռäÒÔ±ãÓÚά»¤ÈËÔ±¹¤×÷¡£Ó¦ÔÚʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÇøÁÚ½ü£¨µ«Ó¦°²È«¸ô¿ª£©Éè¼ÆÊÊÒËÇÒ×ã¹»µÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬ÒÔ°²È«¡¢±£Ïյشæ·ÅÑù±¾¡¢»¯Ñ§Æ·¡¢¼Ç¼ÒÔ¼°ÓÃÓÚÀ¬»øºÍÌض¨µÄʵÑéÊÒ·ÏÎïÔÚ´¦ÖÃÇ°µÄ´æ·Å¡£
Ó¦ÔÚËùÓд¦ÀíÉúÎïÔ´ÐÔ²ÄÁϵÄÇøÓòÄÚ°²×°×¨ÓÃÏ´Êֳء£Ö»Òª¿ÉÄÜ£¬Ó¦½«ÊÖ¶¯Ë®ÁúÍ·Ì滻Ϊ×Ô¶¯µÄ£¬»òÓÃÖⲿ¡¢Ï¥²¿»ò×㲿²Ù×÷¡£´¦ÀíÉúÎïÔ´ÐÔ²ÄÁϵÄÇøÓòÄÚ°²×°µÄÏ´ÊÖ³ØÏÂˮϵͳӦÎÞ×è°­µØÅÅË®£¨¼´³ØÄÚ²»Éè´æË®Èû£©¡£Ëù¹©Ó¦ÈÈË®µÄζÈӦʹÊÖ·ÅÔÚË®Á÷ÖÐʱ¸Ðµ½ÊæÊÊ¡£
Ë®ÎÂÒÔ45¡ãCΪÒË¡£
×¢: Èç¹ûʹÓÃÊÖ¶¯ÁúÍ·£¬¿ª¹ØʱµæÉÏÖ½½í»òÀàËƲÄÁÏÒÔ·ÀÊÖ±»ÎÛȾÊÇÁ¼ºÃÐÐΪ¡£
ҽѧʵÑéÊÒͨ·çϵͳµÄÉè¼ÆÓ¦¿¼ÂÇÎÛȾÇø±Ë´ËÖ®¼äµÄÓÐЧ¸ôÀ롣ÿ¸öÇøÓòÓ¦Óи÷×Ô¶ÀÁ¢µÄͨ·çϵͳ¡£
6. 3
ÎïÀí»·¾³
6.3.1
ÕÕÃ÷
ʵÑéÊҵIJɹâ»òÈ˹¤ÕÕÃ÷Ó¦Êʺϰ²È«µØ¹¤×÷£¬Òª¾¡¿ÉÄܼõÉÙÇ¿¹âºÍ·´Éä¹â¡£
6.3.2
ζÈ
Ó¦½«²úÉú¹ý¶àÈÈÁ¿»òÀäÆøµÄÉ豸ÓëÆÕͨ¹¤×÷Çø¸ôÀë¡£Ó¦Ìṩ¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸£¬°üÀ¨¸ôÎÂÊÖÌ׺ͷþ×°£¬±£Ö¤ÈËÔ±µÄ°²È«ÓëÊæÊÊ¡£
ʵÑéÊÒµÄÊÒÎÂÓ¦¾¡¿ÉÄÜ¿ØÖÆÔÚʹʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÊæÊʵij̶ȡ£
6.3.3
ͨ·ç
Ó¦½«¿ÉÄܲúÉú¹ý¶àÑÌÎí¡¢ÈÈÁ¿¡¢ÕôÆû¡¢Æøζ»òÓк¦ÎïÖʵÄËùÓÐÉ豸ÓëÆÕͨ¹¤×÷Çø¸ôÀë²¢°²×°Êʵ±µÄÅÅ·çÕÖ¡£Èç¹û×ö²»µ½£¬ÔòӦΪ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÌṩÌرðµÄ°²ÅÅ£¬±£Ö¤Æ乤×÷ÊæÊÊ¡£
¶Ô¿ÉÄܲúÉú²»Á¼ÆøζµÄ²Ù×÷¹ý³Ì¿É²ÉÓþֲ¿µÄ×ÔÈ»»òÈ˹¤Í¨·ç¡£
ʵÑéÊÒµÄÊÒÄÚʪ¶ÈºÍ»»ÆøӦʹʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÊæÊʺͰ²È«¡£
Ó¦¶Ô¿ÕÆøµÄÁ÷¶¯ËٶȽøÐж¨ÆÚ¼à²âÒÔ±£Ö¤×ã¹»µÄͨ·ç£¬²¢ÔÚ¹¤³ÌÉÏ·ÀֹDZÔڵĸÐȾÒò×ÓºÍÓк¦ÆøÌåÀ©É¢¡£
ͨ·ç¹ÜµÀÓ¦ÓëÆÕͨ¹¤×÷Çø¸ôÀ룬ÒÔ·ÀÖ¹¿ÕÆø´«²¥µÄ¸ÐȾÒò×Ó»òÆøζÏòÆäËû¹¤×÷ÇøÀ©É¢¡£
6.3.4
ÔëÉù
Ó¦·ÀֹʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÇøÔëÉùˮƽ¹ý¸ß¡£ÔÚÑ¡ÔñºÍ°²ÖÃÉ豸ʱӦ¿¼ÂÇÆä±¾ÉíµÄÔëÉùˮƽºÍÆä¶Ô¹¤×÷Çø×ÜÔëÉùµÄ¹±Ïס£Ó¦²ÉÈ¡´ëÊ©½«ÔëÉù½µÖÁ×îµÍ»ò¼õÉÙÔëÉùµÄ²úÉú¡£
6.3.5
¹¤Ð§Ñ§ÒòËØ
ʵÑéÊһ¡¢¹¤×÷¿Õ¼äºÍÉ豸£¨Èç×ùÒΡ¢ÊµÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷̨¡¢¼ÆËã»ú¼üÅ̺ÍÏÔʾÆ÷£©£¬ÒÔ¼°·¢ÉúÕñ¶¯ºÍ³¬Éù²¨µÄÉ豸µÈ£¬Ó¦ÔÚÉè¼Æ»ò¾Íλʱ¼õÉÙÒò¹¤Ð§Ñ§È±ÏÝ»òʹʵ¼ÖµķçÏÕ¡£
6.3.6
´ÓÊ»ԭÌ幤×÷µÄÉè¼Æ
ËùÓдÓÊ»ԭÌ幤×÷µÄʵÑéÊÒÓ¦ÓÐרÃŵÄÉè¼ÆÊÊÓÃÓÚ·À»¤¶Ô¸öÌåÓÐÖжȵ½¸ß¶È·çÏÕµÄ΢ÉúÎï¡£Äâ´ÓÊ¢󼶻ò¸ü¸ß·çÏյȼ¶µÄ΢ÉúÎ﹤×÷µÄʵÑéÊÒÓ¦Óиü¸ß·À»¤Ë®Æ½µÄרÃÅÉè¼Æ¡£
6.3.7
Ãűê
ʵÑéÊÒµÄÿ¸ö³ö¿ÚºÍÈë¿ÚÓ¦¿É·Ö±æ£¬½ô¼±³ö¿ÚÓ¦Óбê¼ÇÒÔºÍÆÕͨ³ö¿ÚÇø±ð¡£±ê¼ÇÓ¦°üÀ¨¹ú¼Ê»ò¹ú¼ÒͨÓõÄΣÏÕ±êÖ¾£¨È磺ÉúÎïΣÏÕ±êÖ¾¡¢»ðÔÖ±êÖ¾ºÍ·ÅÉäÐÔ±êÖ¾£©ÒÔ¼°ÆäËüÓйصĹ涨±ê¼Ç¡£
6.3.8
ʵÑéÊÒ°²·À
ʵÑéÊÒÈë¿ÚÓ¦ÓпÉËø±ÕµÄÃÅ¡£ÃÅËøÓ¦²»·Á°­½ô¼±ÊèÉ¢¡£½øÈëʵÑéÊÒÓ¦½öÏÞÓÚ»ñµÃÊÚȨµÄÈËÔ±¡£·¿¼äÄÚµÄÃÅ°´ÐèÒª°²×°ÃÅËø£»ÕýÔÚ¼ìÑé¸ß·çÏÕÑù±¾Ê±Ó¦ÓнøÈëÏÞÖÆ¡£´æ·Å¸ß·çÏÕÑù±¾¡¢ÅàÑøÎï¡¢»¯Ñ§ÊÔ¼Á»ò¹©Ó¦Æ·»¹Ðè²ÉÈ¡ÆäËûµÄ°²È«´ëÊ©£¬Èç¿ÉËø±ÕµÄÃÅ¡¢¿ÉËø±ÕµÄÀ䶳Ïä¡¢ÌØÊâÈËÔ±µÄ½øÈëÏÞÖƵȡ£Ó¦ÆÀ¹ÀÉúÎï²ÄÁÏ¡¢Ñù±¾¡¢Ò©Æ·¡¢»¯Ñ§Æ·ºÍ»úÃÜ×ÊÁϱ»ÍµµÁºÍ±»²»Õýµ±Ê¹ÓõÄΣÏÕ£¬²¢²ÉÈ¡ÏàÓ¦´ëÊ©·À·¶Æä·¢Éú¡£


7 Ô±¹¤¡¢³ÌÐò¡¢Îļþ¡¢¼ì²éºÍ¼Ç¼


7.1 ʵÑéÊÒ°²È«¸ºÔðÈË
   
Ó¦ÈÎÃüÒ»ÃûÓÐÊʵ±×ʸñºÍ¾­ÑéµÄʵÑéÊÒ°²È«¸ºÔðÈËЭÖú¹ÜÀí²ã¸ºÔð°²È«ÊÂÎñ¡£°²È«¸ºÔðÈËÓ¦Öƶ¨ÓÐЧµÄʵÑéÊÒ°²È«¼Æ»®£¬²¢Î¬»¤ºÍ¼à¶½¡£ÓÐЧµÄʵÑéÊÒ°²È«¼Æ»®Ó¦°üÀ¨½ÌÓý¡¢Ö¸µ¼ºÍÅàѵ¡¢ÉóºËºÍÆÀ¼ÛÒÔ¼°´Ù½øʵÑéÊÒ°²È«ÐÐΪµÄ³ÌÐò¡£
ʵÑéÊÒ°²È«¸ºÔðÈËÓ¦ÓÐȨÖÆÖ¹²»°²È«µÄ»î¶¯¡£ÈçÉèÓа²È«Î¯Ô±»á£¬ÊµÑéÊÒ°²È«¸ºÔðÈËÈô²»ÊǸÃίԱ»áµÄÖ÷ÈΣ¬ÖÁÉÙÓ¦ÊǸÃίԱ»áÏÖÖ°£¨ex officio£©³ÉÔ±¡£
7.2
³ÌÐò
   
ʵÑéÊҵıê×¼²Ù×÷³ÌÐòÓ¦°üÀ¨¶ÔÉæ¼°µÄÈκÎΣÏÕÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎÔÚ·çÏÕ×îСµÄÇé¿öÏ¿ªÕ¹¹¤×÷µÄÏêϸָµ¼Êé¡£¸ºÔð¹¤×÷Çø»î¶¯µÄ¹ÜÀíÔðÈÎÈËÿÄêÓ¦¶ÔÕâЩ³ÌÐòÖÁÉÙÆÀÉóºÍ¸üÐÂÒ»´Î¡£Ó¦Öƶ¨°üÀ¨Î£ÏÕÐÅϢϵͳÔÚÄÚµÄÊéÃæ¼Æ»®£¬Ó¦°üÀ¨ÒÔÏÂÄÚÈÝ£º
a)
¶ÔÀ´·ÃÕß/ºÏͬ·½µÄ°²ÅÅ£»
b)
¶ÔÔ±¹¤µÄ½¡¿µ¼à»¤£»
c)
¶Ôʵʩ·çÏÕÆÀ¹À¡¢¼Ç¼½á¹û¼°²ÉÈ¡´ëÊ©µÄ°²ÅÅ£»
d)
ÓÃÓÚ¼à¿Ø»¯Ñ§Æ·ºÍÆäËüΣÏÕÎïÆ·µÄʶ±ð£¨°üÀ¨Êʵ±µÄ±êʶҪÇ󣩡¢°²È«´æ·ÅÓë´¦ÖõÄÏêϸĿ¼µÄ³ÌÐò£»
e)
´¦ÀíΣÏÕ²ÄÁÏʱ°²È«ÐÐΪµÄ³ÌÐò£»
f)
·ÀÖ¹¸ß·çÏÕ/ÎÛȾ²ÄÁÏʧÇԵijÌÐò£»
g)
È·ÈÏÅàѵÐèÇóºÍ½Ì²ÄµÄ·½·¨£»
h)
»ñµÃ¡¢Î¬³ÖºÍ·Ö·¢ÊµÑéÊÒËùÓÐʹÓòÄÁϵݲȫÊý¾Ýµ¥£¨MSDS£©µÄ³ÌÐò£¨±£Ö¤Ô±¹¤24Сʱ¿ÉµÃµ½¸ÃÐÅÏ¢£©£»
i)
ʵÑéÊÒÉ豸°²È«È¥ÎÛȾºÍά»¤µÄ³ÌÐò£»
j)
½ô¼±³ÌÐò£¬°üÀ¨Â©³ö´¦Àí·½°¸£¨¹ØÓÚÐж¯¼Æ»®¼û¸½Â¼A£¬¹ØÓÚ©³öÈ¥ÎÛȾ¼û¸½Â¼C£©£»
k)
ʼþ¼Ç¼/±¨¸æ¼°µ÷²é£»
l)
ÁÙ´²·ÏÎï´¦Öá£
7.3
°²È«¼Æ»®µÄÉóºË¼°¼ì²é
7.3.1
°²È«¼Æ»®µÄÉóºË
   
ÿÄêÓ¦£¨ÓÉÊܹýÊʵ±ÅàѵµÄÈËÔ±£©¶Ô°²È«¼Æ»®ÖÁÉÙÉóºË¼°ÆÀÉóÒ»´Î£¬°üÀ¨µ«²»ÏÞÓÚÏÂÁÐÒªËØ£º
a)
°²È«ºÍ½¡¿µÕþ²ß£»
b)
ÊéÃæµÄ¹¤×÷³ÌÐò£¬°üÀ¨°²È«¹¤×÷ÐÐΪ£»
c)
ʵÑéÊÒÏà¹ØÔ±¹¤µÄ½ÌÓý¼°Åàѵ£»
d)
¶Ô¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±µÄ¼à¶½£»
e)
¶¨ÆÚ¼ì²é£»
f)
ΣÏÕ²ÄÁϺÍÎïÖÊ£»
g)
½¡¿µ¼à²â£»
h)
¼±¾È·þÎñ¼°É豸£»
i)
ʹʼ°¼²²¡µ÷²é£»
j)
½¡¿µºÍ°²È«Î¯Ô±»áÆÀÉó£»
k)
¼Ç¼¼°Í³¼Æ£»
l)
¶ÔÓиú×ÙÒªÇóµÄ°²È«¼Æ»®½øÐÐÆÀÉó£¬ÒÔÈ·±£Íê³ÉÉóºËÖÐÌá³öµÄÐèÒª²ÉÈ¡µÄÈ«²¿´ëÊ©¡£
×¢£ºÎªÃ¿¸öÁìÓòÌØÖƵĺ˲é±í¿ÉÓÐЧµØЭÖúÉóºË¹¤×÷£¨¹ØÓÚʵÑéÊÒ°²È«ÉóºËÖ¸µ¼¼û¸½Â¼B£©¡£
7.3.2
°²È«¼ì²é
ʵÑéÊÒ¹ÜÀí²ã¸ºÔðÈ·±£Ö´Ðа²È«¼ì²é¡£Ã¿ÄêÓ¦¶Ô¹¤×÷³¡ËùÖÁÉÙµ÷²é/¼ì²éÒ»´Î£¬ÒÔ±£Ö¤£º
a)
»ðÔÖÓ¦¼±×°±¸¡¢¾¯±¨ÏµÍ³ºÍ³·Àë³ÌÐòµÄ¹¦Äܼ°×´Ì¬Õý³££»
b)
ÓÃÓÚΣÏÕÎïÖÊ©³ö·À»¤³ÌÐòºÍÎïÆ·£¨°üÀ¨½ô¼±ÅçÁÜ£©µÄ״̬Õý³££»
c)
¶Ô¿Éȼ¡¢Ò×ȼ¡¢ÓиÐȾÐÔ¡¢ÓзÅÉäÐÔºÍÓж¾ÎïÖʵĴæ·Å½øÐÐÊʵ±µÄ·À»¤ºÍ¿ØÖÆ£»
d)
È¥ÎÛȾºÍ·ÏÎï´¦Àí³ÌÐòµÄ״̬Õý³£¡£
°²È«Î¯Ô±»á²ÎÓ밲ȫµ÷²éÊÇÁ¼ºÃÐÐΪ¡£¶¨Æڵݲȫ¼ì²éÓÐÖúÓÚÌáÐÑËùÓÐÈËÔ±×¢ÒâDZÔÚµÄΣÏÕ£¬È·±£·þ´ÓÓйع涨,²¢Ç¿»¯¼à¶½Ô±µÄÔðÈÎÐÄ¡£
7.4
°²È«ÊÖ²á
   
ÒªÇóËùÓÐÔ±¹¤ÔĶÁµÄ°²È«ÊÖ²áÓ¦ÔÚ¹¤×÷Çø±ãÓڵõ½¡£ÊÖ²áÓ¦Õë¶ÔʵÑéÊÒµÄÐèÒª£¬Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨£¨µ«²»ÏÞÓÚ£©ÒÔϼ¸·½Ã棺
1)
Ïû·À£»
2)
µçÆø°²È«£»
3)
»¯Ñ§Æ·°²È«£»
4)
·øÉ䣻
5)
΢ÉúÎïΣÏÕ£»
6)
ΣÏÕ·ÏÎï´¦Öá£
°²È«ÊÖ²áÓ¦°üÀ¨´Ó¹¤×÷Çø³·ÀëºÍʼþ´¦Àí·½°¸µÄÏêϸ˵Ã÷£¨¹ØÓÚÐж¯¼Æ»®µÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢¼û¸½Â¼A£©¡£ÊµÑéÊÒ¹ÜÀí²ãÿÄêÖÁÉÙÓ¦¶Ô°²È«ÊÖ²áÆÀÉóºÍ¸üÐÂÒ»´Î¡£
   
ʵÑéÊÒÖÐÆäËû¿ÉÓõÄÐÅÏ¢À´Ô´»¹°üÀ¨£¨µ«²»ÏÞÓÚ£©ÊµÑéÊÒÉæ¼°µÄËùÓл¯Ñ§Æ·ºÍÖƼÁµÄ²ÄÁÏ°²È«Êý¾Ýµ¥£¨MSDS£©£¬ÆäËûµÄ²Î¿¼×ÊÁÏ°üÀ¨½Ì¿ÆÊéºÍȨÍþÐÔÔÓÖ¾ÎÄÏס£
7.5
¼Ç¼
7.5.1
×ÜÔò
¼Ç¼µÄ±£¹ÜÓ¦·ûºÏISO 15189¡£Ó¦×¢Ò⣬¹ú¼Ê¡¢¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½µÄ·¨¹æ»òÖ¸ÄÏ¿ÉÒÔÊÊÓá£
7.5.2
Ö°ÒµÐÔ¼²²¡¡¢É˺¦ºÍ²»Àûʼþ¼Ç¼
Ó¦ÓлúÖƼǼ²¢±¨¸æÖ°ÒµÐÔ¼²²¡¡¢É˺¦¡¢²»Àûʼþ»òʹÊÒÔ¼°²ÉÈ¡µÄÏàÓ¦´ëÊ©£¬Í¬Ê±Ó¦×ðÖظöÈËÒþ˽¡£
Ó¦±£³ÖÈËÔ±Åàѵ¼Ç¼£¬°üÀ¨¶ÔÿһԱ¹¤µÄ°²È«Ö¸µ¼ºÍ°²È«Ô¤±¸×´Ì¬µÄÄê¶È¸üÐÂ×ÊÁÏ¡£
7.5.3
·çÏÕÆÀ¹À¼Ç¼
Ó¦ÓÐÕýʽµÄ·çÏÕÆÀ¹ÀÌåϵ¡£³ýËùÒªÇóµÄ¶Ô¹¤×÷³¡ËùµÄÕýʽ·çÏÕÆÀ¹ÀÖ®Í⣬ӦÓð²È«ºË²é±íÒ²ÊǼǼºÍ½«ÆÀÉó¼Æ»®Îļþ»¯µÄÊÊÒË·½·¨£¨¼û7.3£©¡£
×¢£º°²È«ÉóºËºÍʼþÇ÷ÊÆ·ÖÎö¼Ç¼»úÖÆÓÐÖúÓÚÈ·±£²¹¾È´ëÊ©µÄʵʩ¡£
7.5.4
ΣÏÕ·ÏÎï¼Ç¼
   
ΣÏÕ·ÏÎï´¦ÖüǼӦÊÇ°²È«¼Æ»®µÄ×é³É²¿·Ö¡£Î£ÏÕ·ÏÎï´¦ÖᢷçÏÕÆÀ¹À¡¢°²È«µ÷²é¼Ç¼ºÍËù²ÉÈ¡Ðж¯µÄ¼Ç¼Ӧ¿É²éÔÄ£¬²¢°´¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½·¨¹æÒªÇóµÄÆÚÏÞ±£´æ¡£


8 ΣÏÕ±êʶ


Ӧϵͳ¶øÇåÎúµØ±êʶ³öΣÏÕÇø£¬ÇÒÊÊÓÃÓÚÏàÓ¦µÄΣÏÕ¡£ÔÚijЩÇé¿öÏ£¬ÒËͬʱʹÓñê¼ÇºÍÎïÀíÆÁÕϱêʶ³öΣÏÕÇø¡£
Ó¦Çå³þµØ±êʶÔÚʵÑéÊÒ»òʵÑéÊÒÉ豸ÉÏʹÓõľßÌåΣÏÕ²ÄÁÏ¡£
¹¤×÷ÇøµÄËùÓнø³ö¿Ú¶¼Ó¦±êÃ÷ÆäÖдæÔÚµÄΣÏÕ¡£ÓÈÆäӦעÒâ»ðÏÕÒÔ¼°Ò×ȼ¡¢Óж¾¡¢·ÅÉä¡¢Óк¦ºÍÉúÎïΣÏÕ²ÄÁÏ¡£ÊµÑéÊÒ¹ÜÀíÕßÓ¦¸ºÔð¶¨ÆÚÆÀÉóºÍ¸üÐÂΣÏÕ±êʶϵͳ£¬ÒÔÈ·±£ÆäÊÊÓÃÏÖÓÐÒÑÖªµÄΣÏÕ¡£¸Ã»î¶¯Ã¿ÄêÓ¦ÖÁÉÙ½øÐÐÒ»´Î¡£
Ӧʹ·ÇʵÑéÊÒÔ±¹¤µÄά»¤ÈËÔ±¡¢ºÏͬ·½¡¢·Ö°ü·½ÖªµÀÆä¿ÉÄÜÓöµ½µÄÈκÎΣÏÕ¡£
Ô±¹¤Ó¦½ÓÊÜÅàѵ£¬ÊìϤ²¢ÓµÓйØÓÚ½ô¼±³ÌÐòµÄרÓÃÊéÃæÖ¸µ¼Êé¡£
Ӧʶ±ðºÍÆÀÉó¶ÔÔи¾½¡¿µµÄDZÔÚΣÏÕ¡£Ó¦½øÐзçÏÕÆÀ¹À²¢¼Ç¼¡£


9 ʼþ¡¢É˺¦¡¢Ê¹ʺÍÖ°ÒµÐÔ¼²²¡µÄ±¨¸æ


ʵÑéÊÒÓ¦Óб¨¸æʵÑéÊÒʼþ¡¢É˺¦¡¢Ê¹ʡ¢Ö°ÒµÐÔ¼²²¡ÒÔ¼°Ç±ÔÚΣÏյijÌÐò¡£
ËùÓÐʼþ£¨°üÀ¨É˺¦£©±¨¸æÓ¦Ðγɵµ°¸Îļþ£¬±¨¸æÓ¦°üÀ¨Ê¼þµÄÏêϸÃèÊö¡¢Ô­ÒòÆÀ¹À¡¢Ô¤·ÀÀàËÆʼþ·¢ÉúµÄ½¨ÒéÒÔ¼°Ëù²ÉÈ¡µÄ´ëÊ©¡£
ʼþ±¨¸æ£¨°üÀ¨²¹¾È´ëÊ©£©Ó¦¾­¸ß²ã¹ÜÀíÕß¡¢°²È«Î¯Ô±»á»òʵÑéÊÒ°²È«¸ºÔðÈËÆÀÉó¡£


10 Åàѵ

ʵÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈËÓ¦±£Ö¤ÊµÑéÊÒËùÓÐÏà¹ØÈËÔ±£¨°üÀ¨ÔËÊäºÍÇå½àÈËÔ±£©°²È«Åàѵ¼Æ»®µÄʵʩ¡£
Ó¦µ±Ç¿µ÷¶Ô°²È«¹¤×÷ÐÐΪµÄÅàѵ¡£
È«ÃæµÄÅàѵ¼Æ»®Ê¼ÓÚÊéÃæµÄ¹æ»®£¬Ó¦°üÀ¨¶ÔÐÂÔ±¹¤µÄÖ¸µ¼ÒÔ¼°¶ÔÓо­ÑéÔ±¹¤µÄÖÜÆÚÐÔÔÙÅàѵ¡£Ó¦ÒªÇóËùÓÐÔ±¹¤ÔÚijһÁìÓò¹¤×÷Ç°ÔĶÁÊÊÓõݲȫÊֲᡣӦÊéÃæÈ·ÈÏÔ±¹¤ÒѽÓÊÜÊʵ±µÄÅàѵºÍÔĶÁ¡¢Àí½âÁË°²È«Êֲᣬ°üÀ¨ÉÏÊö»î¶¯µÄÖ´ÐÐÈÕÆÚ¡£
°²È«Åàѵ¼Æ»®ÖÁÉÙÓ¦ÓÐÏû·À¼°ÆäÔ¤±¸×´Ì¬¡¢»¯Ñ§ºÍ·ÅÉ䰲ȫ¡¢ÉúÎïΣÏպ͸ÐȾԤ·À¡£¿Î³ÌÓ¦°´ÕÕ¸ÚλÖƶ¨£¬Ó¦Êʵ±¿¼ÂÇ»³ÔС¢ÃâÒßȱÏݺÍÉíÌå²ÐÕÏÇé¿ö¡£Ó¦ÓÐÒ»Ì×ϵͳÒÔÆÀ¼Ûÿ¸öÔ±¹¤¶ÔÌṩ¸øÆäÐÅÏ¢µÄÀí½âÇé¿ö¡£



11 ¸öÈËÔðÈÎ

11.1 ʳƷ¡¢ÒûÁϼ°ÀàËÆÎïÆ·
ʳƷ¡¢ÒûÁϼ°ÀàËÆÎïÆ·Ö»Ó¦ÔÚÖ¸¶¨µÄÇøÓòÖÐ×¼±¸ºÍʳÓá£
ʳƷºÍÒûÁÏÖ»Ó¦´æ·ÅÓÚ·ÇʵÑéÊÒÇøÄÚÖ¸¶¨µÄרÓñùÏ䣬²»Ó¦·ÅÖÃÔÚÊÔ¼Á¡¢Ñª»òÆäËû¿É¸ÐȾÐÔ²ÄÁÏ´æ·ÅÖ®´¦¡£
±ùÏäÓ¦Êʵ±±ê¼ÇÒÔÖ¸Ã÷Æä¹æ¶¨ÓÃ;¡£
¼¼Êõ¹¤×÷ÇøÄÚ½ûÖ¹ÎüÑÌ¡£
11.2
»¯×±Æ·¡¢Í··¢¡¢ºúÐëºÍÊÎÆ·
½ûÖ¹ÔÚ¼¼Êõ¹¤×÷ÇøÄÚʹÓû¯×±Æ·ºÍ´¦ÀíÒþÐÎÑÛ¾µ¡£
³¤·¢Ó¦Êø¹üÔÚºóÃæ¡£ÖØÒªµÄÊÇʹͷ·¢Ô¶ÀëÔËתµÄÉ豸¡£ÐîÐëÄÐÐÔÓ¦×ñÊØÓë¶ÔÍ··¢µÈͬµÄÔ¤·À´ëÊ©¡£
Èç¹û´æÔÚ±»É豸¾íÈë»ò±»¿É¸ÐȾÐÔÎïÖÊ»ò»¯Ñ§Æ·ÎÛȾµÄÈκÎΣÏÕ£¬ÔÚʵÑéÊÒ¼¼ÊõÇøÄÚ²»Ó¦Åä´ø½äÖ¸¡¢¶ú»·¡¢Íó±í¡¢ÊÖïí¡¢ÏîÁ´ºÍÆäËûÊÎÆ·¡£
×¢1£º¿ÉʹÓû¤ÊÖ˪¡£
×¢2£º¿ÉʹÓÃÒ»´ÎÐԵķ¢ÕֺͺúÐëÕÖ¡£
11.3
ÃâÒß״̬
Ó¦»ý¼«¹ÄÀøËùÓÐʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±½ÓÊÜÃâÒß½ÓÖÖ£¬ÒÔÔ¤·ÀÆä¿ÉÄܱ»Ëù½Ó´¥µÄÉúÎïÌå¸ÐȾ¡£
Ó¦¶ÔËùÓй¤×÷ÖнӴ¥»ò´¦ÀíÈËѪ¡¢ÑªÇå¡¢ÌåÒº»òÈËÌå×éÖ¯µÄÈËÔ±ÌṩÒÒÐ͸ÎÑ×ÒßÃç¡£Ó¦°´¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½µÄÒªÇó±£´æÃâÒ߼Ǽ¡£
Ó¦¸ù¾ÝÎļþ»¯µÄʵÑéÊÒ¸ÐȾ·çÏÕÆÀ¹ÀºÍµØ·½¹«¹²ÎÀÉú²¿ÃŵĽ¨ÒéÖƶ¨Ìض¨ÊµÑéÊÒµÄÃâÒ߼ƻ®¡£¹ú¼Ê¡¢¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½·¨¹æ»òÖ¸ÄÏ¿ÉÊÊÓá£
×¢£ºÐí¶àʵÑéÊÒ»ñµÃÐÔ´«È¾²¡¿Éͨ¹ýÖ÷¶¯ÃâÒ߼ƻ®µÃµ½ÓÐЧµÄÔ¤·À¡£Ó¦»ùÓÚ»ú¹¹»ò»·¾³µÄDZÔÚΣÏÕÑ¡ÔñÏàÓ¦µÄÒßÃç¡£
11.4
¸öÈËÎïÆ·
¸öÈËÎïÆ·¡¢·þ×°ºÍ»¯×±Æ·²»Ó¦·ÅÔÚ¿ÉÄÜ·¢ÉúÎÛȾµÄÖ¸¶¨ÇøÓò¡£
Ó¦Ìṩ°²È«µÄ´æ·Å´¦£¬Èç´øËøµÄ´æÎï¹ñ¡£
11.5
ϲÇì×°ÊÎ
¾ßÓÐDZÔÚÎÛȾºÍ/»ò»ðÏÕµÄϲÇì»òÆäËû×°Êβ»Ó¦ÔÚ¼¼Êõ¹¤×÷ÇøÄÚʹÓá£
ÈκÎʱºò²»µÃ½«×°ÊÎÎ︽×ÅÔÚ¹âÔ´¡¢ÕÕÃ÷×°Öûò¼¼ÊõÉ豸ÉÏ¡£



12  ·þ×°ºÍ¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸£¨PPE£©£¬°üÀ¨ÊÖÌ׺ÍÑÛ¡¢Ãæ¡¢×ã¼°ºôÎü·À»¤×°ÖÃ

12.1 ʵÑéÊÒ·À»¤·þ
ʵÑéÊÒӦȷ±£¾ß±¸×ã¹»µÄÓë·çÏÕˮƽÏàÓ¦µÄ½à¾»µÄ·À»¤·þ£¨ÈçÍâÒºͳ¤ÕÖ·þ£©£¬¿É¹©ÊµÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±»òÀ´·ÃÕßʹÓá£
½à¾»µÄ·À»¤·þ²»ÓÃʱӦ¹ÒÔÚרÓõÄÒ¹³ÉÏ¡£Ò¹³ÒªÔ¶ÀëÉ¢ÈÈÆ÷¡¢ÕôÆû¹ÜµÀ¡¢¼ÓÈÈÉ豸ºÍÃ÷»ð¡£ÎÛȾµÄ·À»¤·þÓ¦ÔÚÊʵ±±ê¼ÇµÄ·À©´üÖзÅÖò¢ÔËËÍ¡£Ó¦¶ÔÆäÊʵ±Ï´µÓÒÔÈ·±£È¥³ý»¯Ñ§¼°ÉúÎïÎÛȾ¡£
ÿ¸ôÊʵ±µÄʱ¼äÓ¦¸ü»»·À»¤·þÒÔÈ·±£Çå½à£¬·¢ÏÖ·À»¤·þÒѱ»Î£ÏÕ²ÄÁÏÎÛȾӦÁ¢¼´¸ü»»¡£
À뿪ʵÑéÊÒÇøÓò֮ǰӦÍÑÈ¥·À»¤·þ¡£
×¢£ºµ±¾ßDZÔÚΣÏÕµÄÎïÖʼ«ÓпÉÄܽ¦µ½¹¤×÷Õß»òÀ´·ÃÕßʱ£¬ÐèҪʹÓÃËÜÁÏΧȹ»ò·ÀÒºÌåµÄ³¤ÕÖ·þ¡£ÔÚÕâÖÖ¹¤×÷»·¾³ÖУ¬¿ÉÄÜ»¹ÒªÇó´©´÷ÆäËûµÄ¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸£¬ÈçÊÖÌס¢·À»¤¾µ¡¢Ãæ¾ß¡¢Í·Ã沿±£»¤ÕÖ¡£
12.2
ʵÑéÊÒÍâµÄ·À»¤·þ
µ±²ÉѪÕߺÍÆäËû¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÐèÒªÔÚʵÑéÊÒÍâ½Ó´¥»¼Õßʱ£¬Ó¦´©Çå½àµÄÍâÒºͳ¤ÕÖÒ¡£
12.3
Ã沿¼°ÉíÌå±£»¤
ÈçÑù±¾ºÍÊÔ¼Á¿ÉÄÜ·¢Éú©³ö£¬Ó¦Óпɹ©Ê¹Óõĵ²½¦°å»òÀàËÆ×°Öá£
ÔÚ´¦Àíº¬ÓÐDZÔÚ΢ÉúÎïµÄÑù±¾µÄ¹ý³ÌÖÐÈç¿ÉÄܲúÉúÆøÈܽº£¬Ó¦ÔÚÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñÖвÙ×÷¡£
ÔÚ´¦ÀíΣÏÕ²ÄÁÏʱӦÓо­¹ýºË×¼µÄ°²È«ÑÛ¾µ¡¢Ã沿·À»¤ÕÖ»òÆäËûµÄÑÛ²¿Ã沿·À»¤×°Öÿɹ©Ê¹Óá£
ÒþÐÎÑÛ¾µ²»ÄÜ·À·É½¦Îï¡£´÷ÒþÐÎÑÛ¾µÊ±»¹Ó¦Ê¹ÓÃÑÛ²¿·À»¤×°Öá£
12.4
ÊÖÌ×
ÔÚʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ʱӦÓпɹ©Ê¹ÓõÄÊÖÌ×£¬ÒÔ·À»¯Ñ§Æ·¡¢ÉúÎïΣÏÕÎï¡¢·øÉäÎÛȾ¡¢ÀäºÍÈÈ¡¢²úÆ·ÎÛȾ¡¢´ÌÉ˺ͲÁÉË¡£
ÊÖÌ×Ó¦°´Ëù´ÓʲÙ×÷µÄÖÖÀà·ûºÏÊæ·þ¡¢ºÏÊÊ¡¢Áé»î¡¢ÎÕÀΡ¢ÄÍÄ¥¡¢ÄÍÔúºÍÄÍ˺µÄÒªÇ󣬲¢Ó¦¶ÔËùÉæ¼°µÄΣÏÕÌṩ×ã¹»µÄ·À»¤¡£ÊµÑéÊÒÓ¦ÌṩδÆË·ÛµÄÊÖÌ׺Í/»ò¿ÉÌæ´ú²ÄÁÏ£¬¹©¶ÔÌìÈ»Ï𽺡¢»¬Ê¯¡¢µí·Û»òÒÒÏ©»ù¹ýÃôºÍÓÐÆäËû·´Ó¦µÄ¹¤×÷ÈËԱʹÓá£
Ó¦¶ÔʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±½øÐÐÊÖÌ×Ñ¡Ôñ¡¢Ê¹ÓÃÇ°ºóµÄÅä´÷ºÍÕª³ýµÄÅàѵ¡£
ÊÖÌ×Ó¦£º
a) 
ÔÚÅä´÷Ç°¼ì²é©Ëð£»
b) 
ÔÚ´÷ºÃºóÍêÈ«ÕÚסÊÖ¼°Í󲿣¬ÈçÊÊÓ㬿ɸ²¸ÇʵÑéÊÒ³¤ÕÖ·þ»òÍâÒµÄÐä×Ó£»
c) 
ÔÚ˺ÆÆ¡¢Ë𻵻ò»³ÒÉÄÚ²¿ÊÜÎÛȾʱ¸ü»»£»
d) 
Ϊ¹¤×÷רÓ㬼´½öÔÚ½Ó´¥ÓÐDZÔÚ¸ÐȾÐÔ²ÄÁÏʱʹÓá£ÔÚ¹¤×÷Íê³É»òÖÐÖ¹ºóÓ¦Õªµô²¢°´µØ·½°²È«¹æ·¶´¦Öá£
ÔÚ½Ó´¥²Î¿¼×ÊÁÏ¡¢µç»°ºÍ¼üÅ̵È֮ǰӦժµôÎÛȾµÄÊÖÌס£
12.5
Ь
ЬӦÊæÊÊ£¬Ð¬µ×·À»¬¡£Â¶Öº±ãЬ²»ÊʺÏ×÷ΪʵÑéÊÒÓÃЬ¡£ÍƼöʹÓÃƤÖÊ»òºÏ³É²ÄÁϵIJ»ÉøÒºÌåµÄЬÀà¡£ÔÚ´ÓÊ¿ÉÄܳöÏÖ©³öµÄ¹¤×÷ʱ¿É´©Ò»´ÎÐÔ·ÀˮЬÌס£
¶ÔʵÑéÊÒ³£¹æ¹¤×÷ÍƼöʹÓ÷ûºÏÈËÀ๤ЧѧµÄÊæÊÊƽµ×Ь¡£
×¢1£ºÔÚʵÑéÊÒµÄÌØÊâÇøÓò£¬°üÀ¨¸ß¸ÐȾ·À»¤µÈ¼¶µÄÇøÓò£¬¿ÉÄÜÒªÇóʹÓÃרÓÃЬ£¨ÀýÈçÒ»´ÎÐÔ»òÏð½ºÑ¥×Ó£©¡£
×¢ 2£ºÔÚ½Ó´¥´óÁ¿»¯Ñ§Æ·¡¢´ÓÊÂΣÏջ¡¢ÈÕ³£Ê¹Óõ¶»òÆäËûÀûÆ÷µÄ×éÖ¯²¡ÀíÇø¿ÉÄÜÒªÇóʹÓþ­¹ýºË×¼µÄ°²È«Ð¬¡£
12.6
ºôÎü·À»¤
   
µ±¼¼Êõ»î¶¯ÒªÇóʹÓúôÎü·À»¤×°±¸£¨ÈçÃæ¾ß¡¢¸öÈ˺ôÎüÆ÷£©Ê±£¬ÆäʹÓúÍά»¤µÄ×÷ÒµÖ¸µ¼ÊéÓ¦°üÀ¨ÔÚÏàÓ¦»î¶¯µÄ°²È«²Ù×÷³ÌÐòÊÖ²áÖС£ºôÎüÆ÷Ö»Ó¦°´ÕÕ×÷ÒµÖ¸µ¼Êé¼°ÅàѵµÄÒªÇóʹÓá£
Ó¦°²ÅŹ¤×÷³¡Ëù¼à¿Ø¡¢Ò½Ñ§ÆÀ¼ÛºÍ¶ÔºôÎüÆ÷ʹÓÃÕߵļලÒÔÈ·±£Ê¼ÖÕÕýȷʹÓÃ×°±¸¡£¿ÉÒªÇó¶ÔºôÎüÆ÷×÷¸öÌåÊʺÏÐÔ²âÊÔ¡£ºôÎüÆ÷²»Äܳä·Ö±£»¤ÐîÐëÕß¡£
12.7
Ï´ÊÖ
ʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÔÚʵ¼Ê»ò¿ÉÄܽӴ¥ÁËѪҺ¡¢ÌåÒº»òÆäËûÎÛȾ²ÄÁϺ󣬼´Ê¹´÷ÓÐÊÖÌ×Ò²Ó¦Á¢¼´Ï´ÊÖ¡£
Õª³ýÊÖÌ׺ó¡¢Ê¹ÓÃÎÀÉú¼äÇ°ºó¡¢À뿪ʵÑéÊÒÇ°¡¢½øʳ»òÎüÑÌÇ°¡¢½Ó´¥Ã¿Ò»»¼ÕßÇ°ºóÓ¦ÀýÐÐÏ´ÊÖ¡£
ËùÓÐÔÚʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷µÄÈËÔ±»òÀ´·ÃÕߣ¬ÎÞÂÛºÎʱ£¬Ö»ÒªÊÖ±»ÎÛȾºÍÀ뿪¼¼ÊõÇø֮ǰ¾ùӦϴÊÖ¡£
ʵÑéÊÒӦΪ¶ÔijЩÏû¶¾·À¸¯¼ÁÖеÄÌØÊ⻯ºÏÎï¹ýÃô»òÓÐÆäËû·´Ó¦µÄ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÌṩϴÊÖÓõÄÌæ´úÆ·¡£Ï´ÊÖ´¦Ó¦ÌṩÈõÖÂÃôÐÔ»¤·ôÈéÒº¡£
Ï´Êֳز»µÃÓÃÓÚ´¦ÖÃѪҺºÍÌåÒº¡£
×¢£ºÔÚÏÞÖÆʹÓÃÏ´Êֳصĵص㣬ʹÓÃÒÔÒÒ´¼Îª»ùÖʵġ°ÎÞË®¡±ÊÖ²¿Çå½à²úÆ·ÊǿɽÓÊܵÄÌæ´ú´«Í³Ï´Êֵķ½·¨¡£
12.8
Åàѵ
ʵÑéÊÒÓ¦±£Ö¤È«ÌåÈËÔ±Êܹý¼±¾ÈÅàѵ¡£ Ó¦ÌṩÎïÆ·ºÍ³ÌÐòÒÔ¼õÉÙ¶ÔÉæ¼°»¯Ñ§Æ·¡¢¶¾ÐÔ»òDZÔÚ¸ÐȾÐÔ²ÄÁϵÄʵÑéÊÒÄÚÈËÔ±µÄ²»Àû×÷ÓúÍʼþ·¢Éú¡£Ó¦ÓоÈÖÎÖ¸ÄÏ£¬ÐèҪʱ£¬Ó¦ÓÐÓëʵÑéÊÒÄÚ¿ÉÄÜ·¢ÉúµÄΣÏÕÏàÓ¦µÄ½ô¼±Ò½Ñ§´¦Àí´ëÊ©¡£ËùÓÐÔ±¹¤Ó¦ÊìϤ±»Õë´ÌÉ˺óËùÖ´ÐеijÌÐò¡£
×¢£ºÍ¨Óü°ÌØÊâµÄ¼±¾È¹ÜÀíÖ¸Äϼû¸½Â¼B¡£
12.9
É豸
 
ʵÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈËӦȷ±£ÔÚʵÑéÊÒÄÚÖÁÉÙÓÐÏÂÁÐÓÃÓÚ¼±¾ÈºÍ½ô¼±³ÌÐòµÄÉ豸¿É¹©Ê¹Óãº
a) 
Ò»¸ö¼±¾ÈÏ䣻
b) 
¼±¾ÈÉ豸£»
c) 
ÑÛ²¿³åÏ´É豸£»
d) 
ʵÑéÊÒËùÓÃÓж¾»¯Ñ§Æ·µÄ½â¶¾Ò©¼°ÆäʹÓÃ˵Ã÷£»
e) 
ʵʩ¼±¾ÈµÄÈËԱʹÓõķÀ»¤·þ¼°°²È«É豸£»
f) 
Ò½ÁƾÈÖúºô½Ð¼°ÐèҪʱÁ¢¼´ËÍÒ½ÔºµÄÉ豸¡£
12.10
Ï´ÑŲ̂
Ï´ÑŲ̂ӦλÓÚʹÓÃËá¡¢¿ÁÐԼ¸¯Ê´¼ÁºÍÆäËûΣÏÕ»¯Ñ§Æ·¡¢Î£ÏÕÉúÎï²ÄÁÏ»ò·ÅÉäÐÔ²ÄÁϸ½½üµÄµØ·½¡£Ï´ÑŲ̂ӦÊǾ­ºË×¼µÄ¹Ì¶¨ÉèÊ©»òÊǾ­ºË×¼µÄÒÔÈí¹ÜÁ¬½ÓÓÚˮԴ»òµÈÉøÑÎˮԴµÄ¼òÒ×ÅçÁÜÐÍ×°ÖᣴæÔÚÅ罦·çÏÕ¶øÎÞË®¹Ü¿ÉÓõĵط½£¬Á¬½ÓÓÚ¹©Ó¦³ä×ãÇÒ¿ªÆô·½±ãµÄÎÞ¾úË®ÈÝÆ÷µÄ¼òÒ×ÅçÁÜÐÍ×°ÖÃÒ²ÊǿɽÓÊܵÄÌæ´ú×°Öá£
ӦÿÖܲâÊÔÓëË®¹©Ó¦Á¬½ÓµÄ×°ÖÃÒÔÈ·±£Æ书ÄÜÕý³£²¢³åµô»ýË®¡£
12.11
½ô¼±ÅçÁÜ×°ÖÃ
Ó¦Óпɹ©Ê¹ÓõĽô¼±ÅçÁÜ×°Öò¢°²×°ÔÚʹÓÿÁÐÔ¼îºÍ¸¯Ê´ÐÔ»¯Ñ§Æ·¸½½üµÄµØ·½¡£
Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ²âÊÔÅçÁÜ×°ÖÃÒÔ±£Ö¤Æ书ÄÜÕý³££¬ÆäÊýÁ¿ÒÀʵÑéÊҵĸ´Ôӳ̶Ⱥ͹æÄ£¶ø¶¨¡£Ó¦¾¡¿ÉÄÜÌṩÊæÊʵÄˮΡ£µØÃæÅÅˮͨ³£Ó¦ÉèÔÚ½ô¼±ÅçÁÜ×°Öø½½ü¡£
×¢£ºÔÚijЩÌØÊâʵÑéÊÒÇøÓò£¬°üÀ¨¸ßµÈ¼¶·À»¤ÇøÓò£¬µØÃæÅÅË®»áΣ¼°°²È«·À»¤£¬°²×°´ËÀàÅÅË®¿ÉÄܲ»Êʺϡ£


13 Á¼ºÃÄÚÎñÐÐΪ

Ó¦Ö¸¶¨Ò»È˼ලÁ¼ºÃÄÚÎñÐÐΪ¡£ÊµÑéÊÒÓ¦½«¼¼ÊõÇø¶¨ÎªÇå½àÇø»òÎÛȾÇø¡£
¹¤×÷ÇøӦʱ¿Ì±£³ÖÕû½àÓÐÐò¡£
½ûÖ¹ÔÚ¹¤×÷³¡Ëù´æ·Å¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÕÏ°­ºÍ°íµ¹Î£ÏյĴóÁ¿ËæÆúÐÔ²ÄÁÏ¡£
ËùÓÐÓÃÓÚ´¦ÀíÎÛȾÐÔ²ÄÁϵÄÉ豸ºÍ¹¤×÷±íÃæÔÚÿ°à¹¤×÷½áÊø¡¢ÓÐÈκΩ³ö»ò·¢ÉúÁËÆäËûÎÛȾʱӦʹÓÃÊʵ±µÄÊÔ¼ÁÇå½à£¨¾»»¯£©ºÍÏû¶¾¡£
¶Ô©³öµÄÑù±¾¡¢»¯Ñ§Æ·¡¢·ÅÉäÐÔºËËØ»òÅàÑøÎïÓ¦ÔÚ·çÏÕÆÀ¹ÀºóÇå³ý²¢¶ÔËùÉæ¼°ÇøÓòÈ¥ÎÛȾ£¨¹ØÓÚ©³öÈ¥ÎÛȾ¼û¸½Â¼C£©¡£Çå³ýʱӦʹÓþ­ºË×¼µÄ°²È«Ô¤·À´ëÊ©¡¢°²È«·½·¨ºÍ¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸¡£
ÄÚÎñÐÐΪºÍ²ÄÁϸıäʱӦ֪ͨʵÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈË£¬ÒÔÈ·±£±ÜÃâ·¢ÉúÎÞÒâʶµÄ·çÏÕ»òΣÏÕ¡£
ʵÑéÊÒÐÐΪ¡¢¹¤×÷Ï°¹ß»ò²ÄÁϵĸıä¿ÉÄܶÔÄÚÎñºÍ/»òά»¤ÈËÔ±ÓÐDZÔÚΣÏÕʱ£¬Ó¦Í¨ÖªÊµÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈ˲¢ÊéÃæ¸æÖªÄÚÎñºÍά»¤ÈËÔ±µÄ¹ÜÀíÕß¡£
ÓÐЩ©³öʼþ¿ÉÄÜÒªÇóËùÓÐÈËԱѸËÙ´Ó¸ÃÇøÓò³·À롣©³öµÄºó¹û¿ÉÊܽ¦³öÁ¿ºÍÆäÐÔÖÊÓ°Ïì¡£Ó¦²ÉÓð²È«ÊÖ²áÖеķ½°¸´¦Àí´ËÀàʼþ£¨¹ØÓÚÖƶ¨Ó¦¶Ô©³öÐж¯¼Æ»®µÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢¼û¸½Â¼A£©¡£
Ó¦Öƶ¨ÔÚ·¢Éúʹʻò©³öµ¼ÖÂÉúÎï¡¢»¯Ñ§»ò·ÅÉäÐÔÎÛȾʱ£¬É豸±£Ñø»òÐÞÀí֮ǰ¶Ôÿ¼þÉ豸ȥÎÛȾ¡¢Çå½àºÍÏû¶¾µÄרÓ÷½°¸£¨¹ØÓÚÉ豸ȥÎÛȾ¡¢Çå½àºÍÏû¶¾µÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢¼û¸½Â¼C£©¡£
×¢£ºÔÚÇå½à¹ý³ÌÖпÉÄÜÒªÇóÊʵ±µÄ¸öÈË·À»¤×°Öá£


14 °²È«¹¤×÷ÐÐΪ

14.1 ½Ó´¥ËùÓÐÉúÎïÔ´ÐÔ²ÄÁϵݲȫ¹¤×÷ÐÐΪ
   
ÔÚËùÓÐҽѧʵÑéÊÒ£¬´¦Àí¡¢¼ìÑéºÍ´¦ÖÃÉúÎïÔ´ÐÔ²ÄÁϵĹ涨ºÍ³ÌÐòÓ¦ÀûÓÃÁ¼ºÃ΢ÉúÎï²Ù×÷±ê×¼¡£
¹¤×÷ÐÐΪӦ¿É½µµÍÎÛȾµÄ·çÏÕ¡£ÎÛȾÇøÄڵŤ×÷ÐÐΪӦ¿ÉÔ¤·À¸öÈ˱©Â¶¡£
ËùÓоßDZÔÚ¸ÐȾÐÔ»ò¶¾ÐÔµÄÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆÎïÖʺͲο¼ÎïÖÊÔÚ´æ·Å¡¢´¦ÀíºÍʹÓÃʱ£¬Ó¦°´ÊÊÓÃÓÚδ֪·çÏÕÑù±¾µÄ²Ù×÷µÈͬ¶Ô´ý¡£
×¢1£ºÐí¶à´ËÀà²úÆ·ÊÇÓÉÀ´Ô´¸´ÔӵĻìºÏ²ÄÁÏÖƳɡ£
Èç¹ûÑù±¾ÔÚÊÕµ½Ê±ÓÐË𻵻òй©£¬Ó¦ÓÉÊܹýÅàѵµÄÈËÔ±´©×ÅÊʵ±µÄ¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸¿ªÆôÑù±¾ÒÔ·À©³ö»òÆøÈܽº¡£Ó¦ÔÚÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñÄÚ¿ªÆô´ËÀàÈÝÆ÷¡£Èç¹ûÎÛȾ¹ýÁ¿»òÈÏΪÑù±¾Óв»¿É½ÓÊܵÄË𻵣¬ÔòÓ¦½«Ñù±¾°²È«µØ·ÏÆú¶øÎð¿ªÆô¡£Ó¦Á¢¼´¸æÖª·¢ËÍ·½¡£
½ûÖ¹¿ÚÎüÒÆÒº¡£
Ó¦ÅàѵʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±°²È«²Ù×÷¼âÀûÆ÷¾ß¼°×°Öá£
¸÷ÖÖÀûÆ÷°üÀ¨ÓùýµÄÕëÍ·²»ÔÊÐíÊÖ¹¤¼ô¡¢Íä¡¢Õ۶ϡ¢ÖØд÷ñ»ò´÷Ì×£¬»òÒÔÊÖ¹¤·½Ê½´Ó×¢ÉäÆ÷ÉÏÒÆÈ¥¡£¹¤×÷ÐÐΪÆÀÉóµÄÄ¿±êÓ¦°üÀ¨¾¡¿ÉÄܼõÉÙʹÓÃÀûÆ÷¡£
°üÀ¨ÕëÍ·¡¢²£Á§¡¢Ò»´ÎÐÔÊÖÊõµ¶ÔÚÄÚµÄÀûÆ÷Ó¦ÔÚʹÓúóÁ¢¼´·ÅÔÚÄÍÔúÈÝÆ÷ÖС£¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½·¨¹æ¿ÉÊÊÓá£
   
¼âÀûÎïÈÝÆ÷Ó¦ÔÚÄÚÈÝÎï´ïµ½ÆäÈÝÁ¿µÄÈý·ÖÖ®¶þÇ°¸ü»»¡£¶ÔÕâЩÈÝÆ÷¼°ÆäÄÚÈÝÎïµÄ´¦ÖÃÓ¦·ûºÏµØ·½µÄÖ¸ÄÏ¡£¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½·¨¹æ¿ÉÊÊÓá£
     
×¢2£ºÌØÊâÌõ¼þÏ¿ÉÊÊÓÃÓÚijЩ²ÉѪϵͳ¡£
14.2
΢ÉúÎïʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷µÄÌØÊâÒªÇó
     
Ö»Òª¿ÉÐУ¬ÕâЩҪÇóͨ³£ÊÊÓÃÓÚÆäËûµÄҽѧʵÑéÊÒѧ¿Æ¡£
     
ËùÓÐÑù±¾¡¢ÅàÑøÎïºÍ·ÏÎïÓ¦¼Ù¶¨º¬ÓÐÓë¿É¸ÐȾÐÔ¼²²¡´«²¥Ïà¹ØµÄ»îÐÔÉúÎïÒò×Ó£¬²¢ÒÔ°²È«·½Ê½´¦Àí¡£
     
ËùÓоßDZÔÚ¸ÐȾÐÔ»ò¶¾ÐÔµÄÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆÎïÖʺͲο¼ÎïÖÊÔÚ´æ·Å¡¢´¦ÀíºÍʹÓÃʱӦ°´ÊÊÓÃÓÚδ֪·çÏÕÑù±¾µÄ²Ù×÷µÈͬ¶Ô´ý¡£
    
²Ù×÷Ñù±¾¡¢ÑªÇå»òÅàÑøÎïµÄÈ«¹ý³Ì¿É´©³¤ÕÖ·þ¡£³¤ÕÖ·þµÄÇ°Ãæ¼°¾±²¿Ãܱգ¬³¤ÐäÐä¿ÚÊÕ½ô¡£
³¤ÕÖ·þ×îºÃÓÉ¿¹Êª²ÄÁÏÖƳɡ£
   
Ó¦´÷ÊÖÌ××÷Ϊ±£»¤ÆÁÕÏÒÔ·À²Ù×÷Ñù±¾ºÍÅàÑøÎïʱÎÛȾÊÖ²¿¡£ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬¹¤×÷Íê³ÉºóÓ¦Õª³ýÊÖÌ×ÒÔ±ÜÃâÎÛȾ¹¤×÷³¡Ëù¡£²»Ó¦ÈÏΪ´÷ÊÖÌ׿ÉÌæ´ú³¹µ×Ï´ÊÖ£¨¼û12.7£©¡£
Õª³ýÊÖÌ׺óÒ»¶¨Òª³¹µ×Ï´ÊÖ¡£
    
×îºÃ²ÉÓõç×Ó×ÆÉÕÃð¾ú×°ÖöÔ΢ÉúÎï½ÓÖÖ»·Ãð¾ú¡£


15ÆøÈܽº

ʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÐÐΪµÄÉè¼ÆºÍÖ´ÐÐÓ¦ÄܼõÉÙÈËÔ±½Ó´¥»¯Ñ§»òÉúÎïÔ´ÐÔÓк¦ÆøÈܽº¡£
    
Ñù±¾ÀëÐÄÖ»Ó¦ÔڸǺõݲȫÕÖÄÚ½øÐС£
    
ËùÓнøÐÐÎÐÁ÷½Á°èµÄÑù±¾Ó¦ÖÃÓÚÓиÇÈÝÆ÷ÄÚ¡£
Ìرð½¨ÒéÔÚÄܲúÉúÆøÈܽºµÄ´óÐÍ·ÖÎöÉ豸ÉÏʹÓþֲ¿Í¨·ç·À»¤×°Öã¬ÔÚ²Ù×÷СÐÍÒÇÆ÷ʱʹÓö¨ÖƵÄÅÅÆøÕÖ¡£ÔÚ¿ÉÄܳöÏÖÓꦻ¯Ñ§ÆøÌåµÄµØ·½£¬¾Ö²¿ÅÅ·çÊDZر¸µÄ¡£


16ÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñ¡¢»¯Ñ§°²È«ÕÖ¼°¹ñ

Èç¹ûʵÑéÊÒÔ±¹¤½Ó´¥¢ñ¡¢¢ò¼¶·çÏÕµÄÑù±¾£¬ÔòÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñÄڵĿÕÆøÖ»ÓÐÔÚÅÅ·Åǰͨ¹ý¸ßЧÀë×Ó¹ýÂËÆ÷£¨HEPA¹ýÂËÆ÷£©²Å¿ÉÒÔÔÙÑ­»·£»Èç¹ûʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷Éæ¼°¢ó¼¶»òÒÔÉÏ·çÏյȼ¶µÄ΢ÉúÎïÅàÑøÎÔò½ûÖ¹½«¿ÕÆøÔÙÑ­»·¡£
   
ÔÚijЩÁìÓòÄÚ£¬ÒªÇóË«ÖØHEPA¹ýÂËÆ÷¡£
   
ÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñºÍ»¯Ñ§°²È«ÕÖÓ¦ÓÉÓÐ×ʸñµÄÈËÔ±°²×°²¢Ã¿ÄêÑéÖ¤¡£
    
Ó¦¾­³£¼à²âÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñÒÔÈ·±£ÆäÉè¼ÆÐÔÄÜ¡£Ó¦±£´æ¼ì²é¼Ç¼ºÍÈκι¦ÄÜÐÔ²âÊÔ½á¹û¡£ÔÚ°²È«¹ñÉÏÓ¦ÓÐ×÷Ϊ¼ì²éÖ¤Ã÷µÄÑéÖ¤±êÇ©¡£
   
ËùÓÃÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñµÄ·ÅÖá¢Éè¼ÆºÍÀàÐÍÓ¦·ûºÏ°²È«¹¤×÷ËùÒªÇóµÄ·çÏÕ·À»¤µÈ¼¶¡£
   
ËùÓÐÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñµÄʹÓ÷½Ê½Ó¦±ÜÃâ½µµÍÆ书ÄÜ¡£
ÉúÎﰲȫ¹ñ¡¢»¯Ñ§°²È«Õֺ͹ñµÄͨ·çÓ¦·ûºÏ΢ÉúÎïºÍ/»ò»¯Ñ§µÄ·çÏյȼ¶ºÍ°²È«ÒªÇó¡£


17 »¯Ñ§Æ·°²È«

17.1 ±ÜÃ⻯ѧÎÛȾµÄ´ëÊ©
    
ÔÚËùÓÐҽѧʵÑéÊÒÖУ¬¶Ô»¯Ñ§Æ·µÄ´æ·Å¡¢´¦Àí¡¢Ê¹Óü°´¦ÖõĹ涨ºÍ³ÌÐò¾ùÓ¦·ûºÏÁ¼ºÃ»¯Ñ§ÊµÑéÊÒÐÐΪ±ê×¼¡£
   
Ó¦°´ÕÕ¹ú¼Ê±ê×¼ÔÚÿ¸ö´¢´æÈÝÆ÷ÉϱêÃ÷ÿ¸ö²úÆ·µÄÐÔÖʼ°Æä·çÏÕÐÔ£¬»¹Ó¦ÔÚʹÓÃÖвúÆ·µÄÈÝÆ÷ÉÏÇåÎú¶øÃ÷È·µØ±êʶ¡£
   
¶Ô»¯Ñ§¡¢ÎïÀí¼°»ðÔÖΣÏÕÓ¦ÓÐ×ã¹»µÄ¿ØÖÆ´ëÊ©¡£Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ¶ÔÕâЩ´ëÊ©½øÐмලÒÔÈ·±£ÆäÓÐЧ¡£Ó¦±£´æ¼à¶½½á¹û¼Ç¼¡£
   
Ó¦½«ÖîÈçËáºÍ¼îÀàµÄΣÏÕÒºÌå´æ·ÅÔÚµÍÓÚÑÛ¾¦µÄλÖᣴóµÄÈÝÆ÷Ó¦°²È«´æ·ÅÔÚ¿¿½üµØÃæµÄλÖã¬ÇҸ߶ÈÓ¦±£Ö¤È¡Óð²È«¼°·ûºÏÈËÀ๤Чѧ¡£
   
Ó¦°´¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½µÄÒªÇóÅ䱸Êʵ±µÄ×°ÖÃÒÔ°²È«´¦Àí¡¢´æ·ÅºÍʹÓÃѹËõÆøÌåºÍµÍβÄÁÏ¡£
   
Ó¦°²×°±£ÏÕ×°Öã¨È绤Á´ºÍ»¤¼Ü£©ÒÔ·ÀÖ¹ÆøÆ¿¡¢ÊÔ¼Á»ò²£Á§ÖÆÆ·µÄÒâÍâÒƶ¯¡£
   
Ó¦ÒªÇóËùÓÐÈËÔ±°´°²È«²Ù×÷·½°¸¹¤×÷£¬°üÀ¨Ê¹Óñ»ÈÏΪÊÊÓÃÓÚËù´Óʹ¤×÷µÄ°²È«É豸»ò×°Öá£
   
ÔÚʵÑéÇø£¬ËùÓÐÈËԱӦʱ¿Ì´©×ÅÊʵ±µÄ·À»¤·þ¡£ÈçËù´ÓÊ»ÐèҪʱ£¬»¹Ó¦Ôö¼ÓÊʵ±µÄ¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸£¨¼û12£©¡£
17.2
·¢Éú»¯Ñ§ÎÛȾʱ²ÉÈ¡µÄ½ô¼±´ëÊ©
   
ÔÚÒò»¯Ñ§ÎÛȾ¿ÉÄÜÔì³ÉÑÛ¾¦ËðÉ˵ÄËùÓÐʵÑéÇøÄÚ£¬Ó¦ÌṩϴÑÛ×°Öá£
´æÔÚ´óÃæ»ýÉíÌåÎÛȾ·çÏÕÐÔÖʵĻ¯Ñ§Î£Ïյij¡Ëù£¬Ó¦ÌṩÅçÁÜ×°Ö㨼û12.11£©¡£
Ó¦ÓÐÊʵ±µÄ»¯Ñ§Æ·Â©³ö¿ØÖÆ´ëÊ©£¬°üÀ¨ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¹¤×÷³¡ËùʹÓõĻ¯Ñ§Æ·µÄÖкͼÁ¡¢Â©³öµÄÆÁ±Î¼°ÎüÊÕ¼Á¡£
17.3
»¯Ñ§Æ·µÄ·ÏÆú
   
¶ÔʵÑéÊÒÄÚËùÓõÄÿÖÖ»¯Ñ§ÖÆÆ·µÄ·ÏÆúºÍ°²È«´¦ÖÃÓ¦ÓÐÃ÷È·µÄÊéÃæ³ÌÐò£¬°üÀ¨¶Ôµ±µØ·¨¶¨³ÌÐò³ä·ÖÏêϸµÄ˵Ã÷£¬ÒÔ±£Ö¤ÍêÈ«·ûºÏÆä»úÖÆ£¬Ê¹ÕâЩÎïÖÊ°²È«¡¢ºÏ·¨µØÍÑÀëʵÑéÊÒ¿ØÖÆ¡£


18·ÅÉ䰲ȫ

18.1·ÅÉäÐÔºËËØ
   
ÔÚÅú׼ʹÓ÷ÅÉäÐÔºËËØ֮ǰ£¬ÊµÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈËÓ¦¶ÔÄâʹÓõÄÀíÓÉ¡¢Ï޶Ⱥ͵صã½øÐÐÆÀ¹À¡£
ʵÑéÊÒÓ¦±£´æ·ÅÉäÐÔºËËصĻñÈ¡¡¢Ê¹Óúʹ¦ÖõÄ×ã¹»¼Ç¼¡£ËùÓзÅÉäÐÔ»¯Ñ§Æ·µÄ´æ·ÅÓ¦°²È«¼°±£ÏÕ¡£
    
ËùÓвÙ×÷»ò½Ó´¥·ÅÉäÐÔºËËصÄʵÑéÊÒÈËÔ±Ó¦½ÓÊÜ·ÅÉäÐÔ»ù´¡¼°Ïà¹Ø¼¼ÊõºÍ·ÅÉäÐÔ·À»¤µÄÖ¸µ¼¼°Åàѵ£¬²¢Ó¦×ñÊØ·ÅÉäÐÔ°²È«¹æ¶¨ºÍ³ÌÐò¡£
ʵÑéÊÒÓ¦ÓÐÊʵ±µÄ¡¢Âú×㹤×÷ÐèÒªµÄÊéÃæ±ê×¼²Ù×÷³ÌÐòºÍµØ·½·¨¹æ¡£
³ÌÐòÓ¦°üÀ¨ÇåÎúµÄ×÷ÒµÖ¸µ¼Ê飬Ïêϸ˵Ã÷ÔÚ³öÏÖ·øÉäʹʺÍ©³öʱӦ²ÉÈ¡µÄ´ëÊ©£»Ó¦ÔÚʹÓ÷ÅÉäÐÔºËËصŤ×÷³¡ËùÐÑÄ¿µØÏÔʾÕâЩ×÷ÒµÖ¸µ¼ÊéµÄ¸ÅÒª¡£
³ÌÐòÓ¦Ïêϸ˵Ã÷²»ÓõķÅÉäÐÔ²ÄÁÏ¡¢Óë·ÅÉäÐÔ²ÄÁÏÏà»ìºÏµÄ»ò±»ÎÛȾµÄ²ÄÁϵݲȫ´¦Ö÷½·¨¡£
    
Ó¦ÏÔʾÊʵ±µÄ¾­Åú×¼µÄ¾¯¸æºÍ½ûÖ¹±êÖ¾¡£
    
³ý¹ú¼ÒºÍµØ·½·¨¹æÍ⣬»¹Ó¦²ÎÕÕÎÄÏ×[11]¡£
18.2
·ÅÉä·À»¤¹ËÎÊ¡¢°²È«Ô±ºÍ¼à¶½Ô±
   
´ÓÊ·ÅÉäÐÔ¹¤×÷µÄʵÑéÊÒÓ¦ÏòµØ·½ÊÚȨµÄ·ÅÉä·À»¤¹ËÎÊ£¨Radiation Protection Advisor,¼ò³ÆRPA£©Õ÷ѯÓйطÅÉäÐÔ·À»¤ÐÐΪºÍ·¨ÂÉÒªÇóµÄ½¨Ò飬°üÀ¨ËùÓÐÒªÇóµÄʵÑéÊÒÉè¼ÆºÍÉ豸±ê×¼£¬Öƶ¨Êʵ±µÄ´ëÊ©ÒÔ±£Ö¤×ñÕÕÖ´ÐС£
   
ʵÑéÊÒÓ¦ÈÎÃüÒ»Ãû·ÅÉä·À»¤°²È«Ô±£¨Radiation Protection Officer£¬¼ò³ÆRPO£©,ÆäÓ¦ÏòRPA±¨¸æ¡£RPO¸ºÓÐÉè¼Æ¡¢Ö´Ðм°Î¬»¤¿É²Ù×÷ÐÔ·ÅÉä·À»¤¼Æ»®µÄרÃÅÔðÈΡ£
    RPO
Ó¦¾Í¹ÜÀíÊÂÒËÏòʵÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈ˱¨¸æ, ¾ÍרҵÊÂÒËÏòRPA±¨¸æ¡£
   
ʵÑéÊÒÓ¦ÈÎÃüÈô¸É·ÅÉä·À»¤¼à¶½Ô±£¨Radiation Protection Supervisor,¼ò³ÆRPS£©¼à¶½ÓëµçÀë·øÉäÏà¹ØµÄÈÕ³£¹¤×÷£¬ÒÔ±£Ö¤²ÉÈ¡Á¼ºÃµÄ·øÉäÐÐΪ¡£RPSÓ¦ÏòʵÑéÊÒRPO±¨¸æ¡£
     RPA
¡¢RPOºÍRPSµÄÉèÖá¢×÷ÓúÍÔðÈÎÓ¦Óɵط½·¨¹æ¹æ¶¨¡£
    
ÔÚûÓз¨Âɹ涨µÄµØ·½£¬Ç¿ÁÒ½¨Òé³ÉÁ¢·ÅÉ䰲ȫίԱ»á¡£
    
×¢1£ºRPAӦΪÓÐ×ʸñµÄÊʵ±ÈËÔ±£¬Í¨³£ÓëʵÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈËÓÐÏ൱µÄµØλ¡£ÒÔר¼Ò×ÉѯΪ»ù´¡ÌṩÐÅÏ¢¼°½¨Òé¡£
    
×¢2£ºRPAµÄÆäËûȨÏÞ¿ÉÒÀ¾ÝÆäÁíÍâµÄÖ°Ïζø¶¨¡£
18.3
¹¤×÷³¡ËùµÄ¼à¶½
    
Ó¦Öƶ¨ÏµÍ³ÐԼල¼Æ»®ÒÔ±£Ö¤¶Ô¹¤×÷³¡Ëù½øÐÐÈ«Ãæ¼°¾­³£ÐԼල¡£Ó¦±£´æ¼à¶½¼Ç¼¡£
    
Ó¦Öƶ¨²¢ÊµÊ©³£¹æÇå½àºÍÈ¥ÎÛȾ·½°¸¡£
    
Ó¦¶¨ÆÚÆÀÉó·ÅÉäÐÔºËËصÄʹÓÃÇé¿ö£¬¾­³£¼à¶½¹¤×÷ÐÐΪ²¢°´RPAºÍRPOµÄÒªÇó½øÐиĽø¡£Ó¦¼Ç¼²¹¾È´ëÊ©»ò³ÌÐòÐԱ仯²¢°´·¨¹æ»òµØ·½¹æ¶¨ËùÒªÇóµÄÆÚÏÞ±£´æ¡£
    
·ÅÉäÐÔ·ÏÎïÓ¦Óбêʶ²¢´æ·ÅÓÚרÓõݲȫÇÒ·À·øÉäµÄ´¢´æ¿â¡£ÔÚÿ¸öÐèÆúÖõİü×°ÉÏÓ¦Çå³þµØ±êÃ÷·çÏÕµÄÐÔÖʺͳ̶ȡ£´¢´æ¼°´¦ÖÃÓ¦×ñÊØ·¨¹æºÍµØ·½¹æ¶¨¡£
18.4
×ÏÍâÏߺͼ¤¹â¹âÔ´£¨°üÀ¨¸ßÇ¿¶È¹âÔ´µÄ¹âÏߣ©
     
ÔÚʹÓÃ×ÏÍâÏߺͼ¤¹â¹âÔ´µÄ³¡Ëù£¬Ó¦ÌṩÊʵ±ÇÒ³ä·ÖµÄ¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸£¬Ó¦ÏÔʾÊʵ±µÄ¾­Åú×¼µÄ±êÖ¾£¬²¢Îª°²È«Ê¹ÓÃÉ豸ÌṩÅàѵ¡£ÕâЩ¹âÔ´Ö»ÄÜÓÃÓÚÆäÉè¼ÆÄ¿µÄ¡£
     
ÕâÀà¹âÔ´µÄÍâÕÖÖ»ÄÜÓÉÓÐ×ʸñµÄ¸ÃÀàÉ豸µÄά»¤ÈËÔ±¿ªÆô¡£
18.5
΢²¨É豸
    
Ó¦¶Ô΢²¨É豸¶¨ÆÚ¼ì²é¡¢¼à²âºÍ±£ÑøÒÔÈ·±£Î¬³ÖÆäÐÔÄܼ°°²È«±ê×¼¡£
    
Ó¦Ìر𱣻¤¸ß¹¦ÂÊ΢²¨ºÍµç´Å²¨×°Öã¬Ó¦Å䱸¶îÍâµÄ±£»¤ÕֺͷÀ»¤¸Ç¡£ÔÚ°²ÖÃÕâÀà×°ÖÃʱ£¬Òª¿¼Âǵ½ºÍÆäËûÉ豸֮¼ä¿ÉÄܲúÉúµÄÐÔÄÜÏ໥¸ÉÈÅ¡£Ó¦ÌùÓбêÖ¾¾¯Ê¾Æä¿É¶ÔÅä´÷Æð²«Æ÷ÕßÔì³ÉÓ°Ïì¡£½ûÖ¹Åä´÷Æð²«Æ÷Õß½Ó½üÓи߹¦ÂÊ΢²¨¼°µç´Å²¨×°Öõij¡Ëù¡£
    
¿ÉȼÎï²»Ó¦·ÅÔÚ΢²¨É豸ÖС£


19·À»ð

19.1½¨Öþ
    
½¨Öþ¹æ¸ñÓ¦¸ù¾ÝʵÑéÊÒËùº¬Î£ÏÕµÄÀàÐͶø¶¨¡£Ó¦Ö¸¶¨Ö÷Òª³ö¿Ú·Ïß¡£
    
ҽѧʵÑéÊÒÈôλÓÚÓÐסԺ²¡È˵Ľ¨ÖþÄÚ£¬Ó¦µ±ÓзÀ»ð½á¹¹ÓëÒ½ÁÆÇøÓò¸ôÀë¡£ÔÚ´æ·Å¿ÉȼÆøÌåµÄµØ·½£¬Ó¦µ±°²×°·À±¬µÆºÍ·À±¬¿ª¹Ø¡£ÓÃÓÚ´ËÀàÇøÓòµÄµçÆøÉ豸Ӧµ±×¨ÃÅÉè¼Æ¡£
19.2
¸¨Öú³ö¿Ú
    
Ó¦±¸Óи¨Öú³ö¿ÚÈ·±£ÈËÔ±¿É´ÓʵÑéÊÒ°²È«³·Àë¡£
    
Ö¸¶¨µÄÏû·À³ö¿ÚӦͨÏò·À»ðÇø¡£
19.3
±¨¾¯ÏµÍ³
    
ÔÚʹÓûò´æ·Å¿ÉȼÆøÌå»òÒºÌåµÄËùÓÐʵÑéÊÒÇøÄÚ£¬Ó¦±¸ÓÐÑÌÎíºÍÈÈÁ¿×Ô¶¯Ì½²â¼°±¨¾¯ÏµÍ³¡£
    
Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ²âÊÔ±¨¾¯ÏµÍ³ÒÔÈ·±£Æ书ÄÜÕý³£²¢Ê¹ËùÓÐÈËÔ±ÊìÖªÆäÔËÐС£
19.4
¼õÉÙ»ðÏյIJßÂÔ
   
ÔÚʵÑéÊҵļ¼ÊõÇøÄÚÖ»´æ·Å×îÉÙÁ¿µÄ¿ÉȼÆøÌåºÍÒºÌå¡£
    
×¢£ºÔÚijЩÁìÓòÄÚ£¬¡°×îÉÙÁ¿¡±½âÊÍΪһ¸ö¹¤×÷ÈÕµÄÏûºÄÁ¿¡£
   
Ö»Ó¦ÔÚͨ·çÁ¼ºÃµÄÇøÓòʹÓÿÉȼÆøÌåºÍÒºÌå¡£
   
Ó¦ÔÚʵÑéÊÒÅÅÑÌÕÖ»ò¹ñÖнøÐÐÊÍ·Å¿ÉȼÕôÆøµÄ¹¤×÷¡£
   
¿ÉȼҺÌåºÍÆøÌåÓ¦Ô¶ÀëÈÈÔ´ºÍ´ò»ðÔ´£¬°üÀ¨µç»úºÍÑô¹âÖ±Éä¡£
   
¹©Æø¹ÜµÀÖнô¼±¹Ø±Õ·§ºÍ¹ÜµÀµÄ°²×°Ó¦·ûºÏ¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½·¨¹æ¡£
   
©³ö´¦Àí¹¤¾ß°üÓ¦Ëæʱ¿É¹©¿ØÖÆ©³öµÄÉÙÁ¿¿ÉȼÎï¡£
   
Èç·¢Éú©³ö£¬Ó¦Á¢¼´Ñ°ÇóÏû·À²¿ÃÅÔ®Öú¡£¹ú¼Ò¡¢µØ·½·¨¹æÊÊÓá£
19.5
¿ÉȼÎïÆ·µÄ´æ·Å
    
´æ·Å¿ÉȼҺÌå»òÆøÌåµÄÈÝÆ÷Ó¦¾¡¿ÉÄÜС£¬²¢·ûºÏʵÑéÊÒµÄÐèÒª¡£
   
´æ·Å¿ÉȼҺÌåµÄÈÝÆ÷²»Ê¹ÓÃʱ¾ùÓ¦¸ÇºÃ¡£
   
¿ÉȼÆøÌå»òÒºÌåÖ»Ó¦´æ·ÅÔÚ¾­Åú×¼µÄÖü²Ø¹ñ»ò¿âÖС£Öü´æÓ¦·ûºÏÏÖÐеĹú¼Ò±ê×¼¡£
   
Àä²ØµÄ¿ÉȼҺÌåÖ»Ó¦´æ·ÅÔÚÎ޻𻨡°·À±¬¡±±ùÏäÖС£
    
×¢£º ¼ÒÓñùÏä²»ÊÊÓÃÓÚ´ËÓÃ;¡£
    
´æ·Å´óÁ¿¿ÉȼҺÌåµÄ½ðÊôÈÝÆ÷Ó¦¹Ì¶¨²¢Á¬½Óµ½¹«¹²½ÓµØµãÒÔ±ÜÃâ¾²µç¡£
    
ӦʹÓñãЯ°²È«ÈÝÆ÷´æ·Å¡¢×ªÔ˺ͷÖÅä¿ÉȼҺÌå¡£
    
Ó¦ÔÚרÓõĴ¢´æÊÒ»ò»¯Ñ§ÅÅÑÌÕÖÄÚ½«Ò×ȼҺÌå´Ó´¢´æ¹ÞÖÐÇáÇáµ¹Èë»òתÒÆÖÁСÈÝÆ÷ÖС£½ðÊôÈÝÆ÷Ó¦½ÓµØÁ¼ºÃ¡£
19.6
Ïû·À°²È«Åàѵ¼Æ»®
    
Ó¦¶ÔʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±¼°½¨ÖþÎïÄÚËùÓÐÈËÔ±½øÐÐÏû·ÀÖ¸µ¼ºÍÅàѵ¡£ÄÚÈÝ°üÀ¨£º
  1)
»ðÏÕµÄʶ±ð¼°ÆÀ¼Û£»
  2)
Öƶ¨¼õÉÙ»ðÏյļƻ®£»
  3)
ʧ»ðʱӦ²ÉÈ¡µÄÈ«²¿Ðж¯¡£
19.7
Ïû·ÀÉ豸
    
ÏÖ³¡Ó¦Å䱸Êʵ±µÄÉ豸ÓÃÓÚÆËÃð¿É¿ØÖƵĻðÔÖ¼°°ïÖúÈËÔ±´ÓÖ÷»ð³¡³·Àë¡£
    
ʵÑéÊÒÈËÔ±µÄÔðÈÎÊÇÈ·±£ÈËÔ±°²È«ÓÐÐòµØ³·Àë¶ø²»ÊÇÊÔͼȥÃð»ð¡£
    
Ó¦ÒÀ¾ÝʵÑéÊÒ¿ÉÄÜʧ»ðµÄÀàÐÍÑ¡Ôñ¡¢·ÅÖúÍά»¤Êʵ±µÄÃð»ðÆ÷²ÄºÍÏû·ÀÕ±£¬²¢·ûºÏµØ·½Ïû·ÀÖ÷¹Ü²¿ÃŵÄÒªÇó¡£


20½ô¼±³·Àë

Ó¦Öƶ¨½ô¼±³·ÀëµÄÐж¯¼Æ»®£¨¹ØÓÚÖƶ¨Ðж¯¼Æ»®µÄ¸ü¶àÐÅÏ¢²Î¼û¸½Â¼A£©¡£Í¬Ñù£¬¸Ã¼Æ»®Ó¦¿¼Âǵ½»¯Ñ§¡¢Ê§»ðºÍ΢ÉúÎï½ô¼±Çé¿ö¡£Ó¦°üÀ¨Ê¹ÁôϵĿս¨ÖþÎï´¦ÓÚ¾¡¿ÉÄÜ°²È«×´Ì¬µÄ´ëÊ©¡£
   
°üÀ¨À´·ÃÕßÔÚÄÚµÄËùÓÐÈËÔ±¶¼Ó¦Á˽âÐж¯¼Æ»®¡¢³·Àë·Ïߺͽô¼±³·ÀëµÄ¼¯ºÏµØµã¡£
   
ËùÓÐÈËԱÿÄêÓ¦ÖÁÉٲμÓÒ»´ÎÏû·ÀÑÝÏ°¡£


21µçÆøÉ豸

µçÆøÉ豸µÄÉè¼Æ¼°ÖÆÔìÓ¦·ûºÏÊʵ±µÄ°²È«ÒªÇó¡£¹«Èϵıê×¼°üÀ¨GB4793ϵÁСª²âÁ¿¡¢¿ØÖƺÍʵÑéÊÒÓõçÆøÉ豸µÄ°²È«ÒªÇ󣨼û²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×14£©¡£ÎªÈ·±£°²È«£¬Ä³Ð©É豸±ØÐëÁ¬½Ó±¸ÓõçÔ´¡£
  
еġ¢¸Ä×°¹ýµÄ»òÐÞÀí¹ýµÄµçÆøÉ豸ÔÚδ¾­ÓÐ×ʸñµÄÈËÔ±£¨ÈçÓÐ×ʸñµÄµç¹¤»òÉúÎïҽѧ¹¤³Ìʦ£©Íê³ÉµçÆø°²È«²âÊÔ²¢È·ÈÏ·ûºÏ°²È«Ê¹ÓÃÒªÇó֮ǰ£¬²»µÃʹÓá£
   
µçÆøÉ豸ʹÓÃÈËÔ±Ó¦½ÓÊÜÕýÈ·²Ù×÷µÄÅàѵ£¬²Ù×÷·½Ê½Ó¦²»½µµÍµçÆø°²È«ÐÔ¡£
  
×¢£ºÓÐЩ¹¤×÷ÒªÇóʹÓ÷À»ð»¨»òÎ޻𻨣¨¹ÌÓа²È«£©µÄÉ豸¡£
   
µçÆøÉ豸ʹÓÃÈËÔ±Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ¼ì²é¿ÉÄÜÒýÆðµçÆø¹ÊÕϵÄÉ豸ÆÆËð¡£
   
Èç¹ûµ¼µçÒºÌåÒâÍâµØÈ÷µ½É豸ÉÏ£¬Ó¦½«É豸ÓëµçÔ´¶Ï¿ª²¢Ð¡ÐÄʹÉ豸¸ÉÔï¡£ÔÚδ¾­ÓÐ×ʸñµÄÈËԱͬÒâÇ°£¬²»µÃÖØÐÂÆôÓá£Ó¦²ÉÈ¡´ëÊ©¶ÔÉ豸ȥÎÛȾÒÔ¼õÉÙά»¤ÈËÔ±ÊÜ»¯Ñ§»òÉúÎïÎÛȾµÄ·çÏÕ£¨Áí¼ûµÚ13Ìõ¡¢¸½Â¼AºÍ¸½Â¼C£©¡£
    
Ö»ÔÊÐíÓÐ×ʸñµÄÈËÔ±´ÓʵçÆøÉ豸ºÍµç·¹¤×÷¡£½ûֹδ¾­ÊÚȨµÄ¹¤×÷¡£


22Ñù±¾µÄÔËËÍ

ʵÑéÊÒ¸ºÔðÈË»òÖ¸¶¨ÈËÔ±£¨ÈçʵÑéÊÒ°²È«Ô±£©Ó¦¸ºÔðÏòΪʵÑéÊÒÌá½»Ñù±¾µÄËùÓв¿ÃÅÌṩÊʵ±µÄÖ¸ÄϺÍ˵Ã÷¡£
    
ËùÓÐÑù±¾Ó¦ÒÔ·ÀÖ¹ÎÛȾ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±¡¢»¼Õß»ò»·¾³µÄ·½Ê½ÔËË͵½ÊµÑéÊÒ¡£
   
Ñù±¾Ó¦ÖÃÓÚ±»Åú×¼µÄ¡¢±¾ÖÊ°²È«¡¢·À©µÄÈÝÆ÷ÖÐÔËÊä¡£
   
Ñù±¾ÔÚ»ú¹¹ËùÊô½¨ÖþÎïÄÚÔËËÍÓ¦×ñÊظûú¹¹µÄ°²È«ÔËÊä¹æ¶¨¡£Ñù±¾ÔËË͵½»ú¹¹ÍⲿӦ×ñÊØÏÖÐеÄÓйØÔËÊä¸ÐȾÐÔºÍÆäËûÉúÎïÔ´ÐÔ²ÄÁϵķ¨¹æ¡£
   
Ñù±¾¡¢ÅàÑøÎïºÍÆäËûÉúÎï²ÄÁÏÔÚʵÑéÊÒ¼ä»òÆäËû»ú¹¹¼äµÄÔËËÍ·½Ê½Ó¦·ûºÏ»ú¹¹µÄ°²È«¹æ¶¨¡£Ö»ÒªÊʺϣ¬¹ú¼ÊºÍ¹ú¼Ò¹ØÓÚµÀ·¡¢Ìú·ºÍˮ·ÔËÊäΣÏÕ²ÄÁϵķ¨¹æÊÊÓá£
   
°´¹ú¼Ò»ò¹ú¼Ê±ê×¼ÈÏΪÊÇΣÏÕ»õÎïµÄ²ÄÁÏÄâͨ¹ý¹úÄÚ»ò¹ú¼Ê¿ÕÔËʱ£¬Ó¦°´ÏÖÐйú¼Ò»ò¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æ»òÒªÇóµÄ¹æ¶¨°ü×°¡¢±ê¼Ç²¢ÌṩÎļþ×ÊÁÏ¡£


23·ÏÎï´¦ÖÃ

ʵÑéÊÒ·ÏÎï´¦ÖõĹÜÀíÓ¦·ûºÏ¹ú¼Ò»òµØ·½·¨¹æÒªÇó¡£
ʵÑéÊÒ·ÏÎï¹ÜÀíµÄÄ¿µÄÈçÏ£º
a)
½«²Ù×÷¡¢ÊÕ¼¯¡¢ÔËÊä¡¢´¦Àí¼°´¦Ö÷ÏÎïµÄΣÏÕ¼õÖÁ×îС£»
b)
½«Æä¶Ô»·¾³µÄÓк¦×÷ÓüõÖÁ×îС¡£
   
ËùÓв»ÔÙÐèÒªµÄÑù±¾¡¢ÅàÑøÎïºÍÆäËûÉúÎï²ÄÁÏÓ¦ÆúÖÃÓÚרÃÅÉè¼ÆµÄ¡¢×¨ÓõĺÍÓбê¼ÇµÄÓÃÓÚ´¦ÖÃΣÏÕ·ÏÎïµÄÈÝÆ÷ÄÚ¡£ÉúÎï·ÏÎïÈÝÆ÷µÄ×°Á¿²»Äܳ¬¹ýÆäÉè¼ÆÈÝÁ¿¡£
   
ÀûÆ÷£¨°üÀ¨ÕëÍ·¡¢Ð¡µ¶¡¢½ðÊôºÍ²£Á§£©Ó¦Ö±½ÓÆúÖÃÓÚÄÍÔúµÄÈÝÆ÷ÄÚ¡£
   
ʵÑéÊÒ¹ÜÀí²ãӦȷ±£Óɾ­¹ýÊʵ±ÅàѵµÄÈËÔ±²ÉÓÃÊʵ±µÄ¸öÈË·À»¤×°±¸´¦ÀíΣÏÕ·ÏÎï¡£
   
²»ÔÊÐí»ý´æÀ¬»øºÍʵÑéÊÒ·ÏÎï¡£ÒÑ×°ÂúµÄÈÝÆ÷Ó¦¶¨ÆÚ´Ó¹¤×÷ÇøÔË×ß¡£ÔÚÈ¥ÎÛȾ»ò×îÖÕ´¦ÖÃ֮ǰ£¬Ó¦´æ·ÅÔÚÖ¸¶¨µÄ°²È«µØ·½£¬Í¨³£ÔÚʵÑéÊÒÇøÄÚ¡£Î´±»ÊÔ¼Á»òÌåÒºÎÛȾµÄʵÑéÊÒÀ¬»øºÍÈÕ³£Ö½Àà·ÏÎï¿É°´·ÇΣÏÕ·ÏÎï²Ù×÷ºÍ´¦Àí¡£Ã¿ÌìÖÁÉÙÊʵ±ÇÒ°²È«µØ´¦ÖÃÒ»´Î¡£
   
ËùÓÐÆúÖõÄʵÑéÊÒ΢ÉúÎïÑù±¾¡¢ÅàÑøÎïºÍ±»ÎÛȾµÄ·ÏÎïÔÚ´ÓʵÑéÊÒÇøÈ¡×ß֮ǰ£¬Ó¦Ê¹Æä±¾ÖÊÉÏ´ïµ½ÉúÎïѧ°²È«¡£
   
ÉúÎïѧ°²È«¿Éͨ¹ý¸ßѹÏû¶¾´¦Àí»òÆäËû±»Åú×¼µÄ¼¼Êõ»ò°ü×°ÔÚÊʵ±µÄÈÝÆ÷ÄÚʵÏÖ¡£
   
Ö»Òª°ü×°ºÍÔËÊ䷽ʽ·ûºÏ½«Î£ÏÕ·ÏÎïÔËÖÁij»ú¹¹½øÐа²È«ÇÒÊʵ±´¦Öõķ¨¹æÒªÇ󣬿ÉÔÊÐíÔËËÍδ´¦ÀíµÄ·ÏÎï¡£
   
¶ÔÒÑ֪δÊÜÎÛȾµÄʵÑéÊÒ·ÏÎï¿É°´·ÇΣÏÕ·ÏÎï²Ù×÷²¢´¦Àí¡£


¸½Â¼A
£¨×ÊÁÏÐÔ¸½Â¼£©
ʵʩ±¾±ê×¼µÄÐж¯¼Æ»®¸ÙÒª

A.1 ÒýÑÔ

±¾±ê×¼Ö¼ÔÚÓÃÓÚËùÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄҽѧʵÑéÊÒ£¬´Ó×ÊÔ´ÓÐÏÞµÄÒ°ÍâÏÖ³¡ÊµÑéÊÒµ½´óÐÍÑо¿ºÍ½ÌÓý»ú¹¹¡£±¾¸½Â¼Ö¼ÔÚΪִÐб¾±ê×¼ÌṩָÄÏ£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇΪÄÇЩ×ÊÔ´ÓÐÏÞµÄʵÑéÊÒ¡£Í¨³££¬ºÜ¶àΪÌá¸ß°²È«ËùÐè²ÉÈ¡µÄ´ëÊ©³É±¾ºÜµÍ£¬Éæ¼°¹¤×÷ÐÐΪµÄ¸Ä±äºÜС£¬¼¸ºõ²»ÒªÇó¹ý¸ß³É±¾µÄ½â¾ö·½°¸£¬»ùÓÚר¼ÒµÄºÏÀí¾ö²ß¿É½¨Á¢²¢Î¬³Ö°²È«µÄ¹¤×÷Ìåϵ¡£
A.2
½¨Á¢°²È«Ìåϵ
A.2.1
µÚÒ»²½£º°²È«Áìµ¼
   
È·¶¨Ò»Î»ÓÐ×ã¹»¾­ÑéµÄʵÑéÊÒ°²È«¸ºÔðÈËÁìµ¼°²È«ÊÂÒË¡£Ó¦¸øÆä³ä×ãµÄʱ¼ä´ÓÊ´˹¤×÷¡£ÔÚСÐÍʵÑéÊÒ£¬ÐèÒªµÄʱ¼ä¿ÉÄܺÜÉÙ£¬µ«Ò²¿ÉÄÜ»áÒòʵÑéÊҵĸ´ÔÓÐÔ¶øÔö¼Ó¡£
A.2.2
µÚ¶þ²½£ºÎ£ÏÕʶ±ð
°²È«¸ºÔðÈËÓ¦ÓëʵÑéÊÒ×ÊÉîÈËÔ±Ò»ÆðÁгöʵÑéÊÒ´æÔڵĻòÔÚʵÑéÊÒÄÚ¿ÉÄܲúÉúµÄ»ò¿ÉÒò¹¤×÷¶øÖµÄΣÏÕ¡£ÁгöÄÇЩ²»ÊÇÖ±½ÓÓÉʵÑéÊÒÒýÆðµÄ£¨ÈçÓ뽨Öþ½á¹¹»òÍⲿ»·¾³Óйصģ©Î£ÏÕÒàºÜÖØÒª¡£
A.2.3
µÚÈý²½£º·çÏÕÆÀ¹À
   
°²È«¸ºÔðÈËÓ¦ÓëʵÑéÊÒ×ÊÉîÈËÔ±ÃÜÇÐÅäºÏ£¬ÆÀ¹ÀÿһΣÏյķçÏյȼ¶£¬°üÀ¨Î£ÏÕ±¾Éí¹ÌÓеļ°×÷Ϊһ×éÏà¹ØΣÏÕ×é³É²¿·ÖµÄ·çÏÕ¡£·çÏÕÆÀ¹ÀÒªÇóÆÀ¼Û¹¤×÷ÌØÓеĺͻ·¾³µÄΣÏÕ¡£Ó¦¼Ç¼ÈÏʶµ½µÄ·çÏյȼ¶¡¢ÊÜÓ°ÏìµÄ¶ÔÏ󡢺ó¹ûÒÔ¼°ÑÏÖس̶ȡ£
A.2.4
µÚËIJ½£º·çÏÕÅÅÐò
   
×÷ΪµÚÈý²½µÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬Ó¦È·¶¨½µµÍ·çÏÕˮƽµÄ¿ÉÄÜ·½·¨¡£°²È«¸ºÔðÈËÓ¦ÓëʵÑéÊÒ×ÊÉîÈËÔ±ºÏ×÷£¬°´ÕÕÒªÇóµ±Ç°¡¢¶ÌÆÚ»ò³¤ÆÚ½µµÍ·çÏյIJßÂÔ¶Ô·çÏÕ½øÐÐÅÅÐò¡£ÅÅÐòÓ¦»ùÓÚDZÔÚµÄÉ˺¦£¬¶ø·Ç¾­¼ÃÒòËØ£¬ËäÈ»¾­¼ÃÒòËز»ÈݺöÊÓ¡£ÔÚÓÐЩÇé¿öÏ£¬µ±·çÏÕ³¬¹ýÈκÎDZÔÚÊÕÒæʱ£¬½«²»µÃ²»×ö³öֹͣijרÏî»î¶¯µÄ¾ö¶¨¡£
A.2.5
µÚÎå²½£º·çÏÕ½µµÍ
    
ҽѧʵÑéÊÒ²»¿ÉÄÜÍêȫûÓзçÏÕ¡£Ä¿µÄÊÇ¿¼ÂÇÉæ¼°µÄËùÓÐÒòËØ£¬¾¡¿ÉÄܽµµÍ·çÏÕ¡£Ó¦Öƶ¨²¢Ö´ÐÐÐж¯¼Æ»®ÒÔ½«·çÏճ̶ȽµµÍµ½Óйظ÷·½£¨°üÀ¨ÊµÑéÊÒÄÚ²¿ÒÔ¼°ÊÜʵÑéÊÒ¹¤×÷Ó°ÏìµÄÆäËû·½£©Ð­ÒéÄ¿±ê¿É½ÓÊܵÄˮƽ¡£ÊµÑéÊÒ×ÊÉîÈËÔ±Ó¦ÔÚ°²È«¸ºÔðÈ˵Ľ¨ÒéºÍЭÖúÏ£¬¸ºÔðÐж¯µÄ¼Æ»®Óëʵʩ¡£Ó¦×Ðϸ¼Ç¼Ëù×öµÄ¾ö¶¨¼°¼Æ»®µÄÐж¯£¬ÒÔ¼°ÎªºÎ²ÉÈ¡¸ÃÐж¯µÄÖ§³ÖÐÔ×ÊÁÏ¡£
A.2.6
µÚÁù²½£º·çÏÕ²ßÂÔÆÀÉó
   
ÈÏÕæ¼à¶½Ö´ÐÐÐж¯¼Æ»®ÊǽµµÍ·çÏÕ²ßÂÔµÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£¼Æ»®Ó¦ÔÚ½µµÍ·çÏյĹý³ÌÖв»¶Ï¸Ä½ø¡£¾¡¹Ü¼Æ»®µÄʵʩȡ¾öÓÚʵÑéÊÒ×ÊÉîÈËÔ±µÄÕýÈ·Áìµ¼ºÍ°²È«¸ºÔðÈ˵ijÆÖ°Ö¸»Ó£¬µ«È«ÌåʵÑéÊÒÈËÔ±¾ùÓ¦²ÎÓë¡£
A.3
ʵÑéÊÒ½¨Á¢µÄ°²È«ÌåϵµÄ±£³Ö
    
½¨Ò鶨ÆÚ¶ÔʵÑéÊÒÈËÔ±½øÐа²È«ÒâʶÅàѵ£¬Ó¦±£´æÅàѵµÄ³öÇÚºÍÄÚÈݼǼ¡£
½¨Ò鶨ÆÚ¶Ô¹¤×÷³¡Ëù£¨°üÀ¨ÊµÑéÇøºÍ·ÇʵÑéÇø£©½øÐгÌÐòÐԵݲȫÉóºËºÍ/»ò¼ì²é£¬ÖÁÉÙÿÄêÒ»´Î£¬¶Ô·çÏÕÔö¼ÓµÄÇøÓò£¬Ó¦Ìá¸ß¼ì²éƵÂÊ¡£Ó¦±£³ÖÏêϸ¼Ç¼¡£±¾±ê×¼¸½Â¼ÖеÄÏîÄ¿ºË²é±íÓÐÖúÓڸùý³Ì¡£
    
Ö¸µ¼Êֲᡢ·½·¨¼°²Ù×÷Ö¸ÄÏÎļþÖÐÓ¦°üÀ¨ÏàÓ¦µÄʵÓÃÇÒÍêÈ«¿É²Ù×÷µÄ°²È«ÐÅÏ¢¡£¸ÃÐÅÏ¢Ó¦±£³ÖÏÖÐÐÓÐЧ¡£
    
ËùÓÐеÄÉ豸ºÍ¹ý³ÌÔÚÔËÐÐÇ°ºó¾ùÓ¦½øÐзçÏÕÆÀ¹À£¬²¢ÊµÊ©Êʵ±µÄ½µµÍ·çÏյIJßÂÔ¡£
    
Ó¦¶Ô²»ÀûʼþºÍʹʳ¹µ×µ÷²é¡¢ÐγÉÎļþ²¢²ÉÈ¡ºóÐø´ëÊ©ÒÔ¼õÉÙÔٴη¢ÉúµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¡£
Ó¦¹ÄÀøËùÓÐÈËԱʶ±ðDZÔÚµÄΣÏÕ²¢ÇÒ¹¤×÷·½Ê½²»Ó¦Ê¹×Ô¼º»òËûÈËÖÃÓÚ·çÏÕÖС£


²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

[1] BS 8800:1996, Guide to occupational health and safety management systems. British Standards Institution,London
[2] BS 7179-1:1990, Ergonomics of design and use of visual display terminals (VDTs) in offices. British Standards Institution,London
[3] BS 6324-1:1983, Terms relating to surgical implants ¡ª Part 1: Glossary of general medical terms. British Standards Institution, London
[4] Canadian Society of Laboratory Technologists, CSLT Guidelines, Laboratory Safety, 4th edn., 1996
[5] EN 12469:2000, Biotechnology ¡ª Performance criteria for microbiological safety cabinets
[6] EN 13641:2002, Elimination or reduction of risk of infection related to in vitro diagnostic reagents
[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Biosafety in microbiological and biomedical laboratories, 3rd edn., 1993
[8] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Guidelines for preventing the transmission of mycobacterium tuberculosis in healthcare facilities, 1994
[9] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Primary containment for biohazard: selection, installation and use of biological safety cabinets, 1995
[10] Health Canada, Laboratory biosafety guidelines, 2nd Edition. Health Canada, Ottawa, 1996
[11] IAEA, International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources, Safety Series no.115, IAEA, Vienna, 1996
[12] IEC 61010-1, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 1: General requirements
[13] IEC 61010-2-010, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-010: Particular requirements for laboratory equipment for the heating of material
[14] IEC 61010-2-020, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-020: Particular requirements for laboratory centrifuges
[15] IEC 61010-031, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 031: Safety requirements for hand-held probe assemblies for electrical measurement and test
[16] IEC 61010-2-032, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-032: Particular requirements for hand-held and hand-manipulated current sensors for electrical test and measurement
[17] IEC 61010-2-041, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-041: Particular requirements for autoclaves using steam for the treatment of medical materials and for laboratory processes
[18] IEC 61010-2-042, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-042: Particular requirements for autoclaves and sterilizers using toxic gas for the treatment of medical materials, and for laboratory process
[19] IEC 61010-2-043, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-043: Particular requirements for dry heat sterilizers using either hot air or hot inert gas for the treatment of medical materials, and for laboratory processes
[20] IEC 61010-2-045, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-045: Particular requirements for washer disinfectors used in medical, pharmaceutical, veterinary and laboratory fields
[21] IEC 61010-2-051, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-051: Particular requirements for laboratory equipment for mixing and stirring
[22] IEC 61010-2-061, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-061: Particular requirements for laboratory atomic spectrometers with thermal atomization and ionization
[23] IEC 61010-2-101, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use ¡ª Part 2-101: Particular requirements for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical equipment
[24] IEC/TR3 61010-3, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 3: Protocol for the preparation of conformity verification reports for the IEC 61010 series
[25] IEC/TR3 61010-3-1, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 3-1: Conformity verification report for IEC 61010-1
[26] IEC/TR 61010-3-010, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 3-010: Conformity verification report for IEC 61010-2-010, Particular requirements for laboratory equipment for the heating of materials
[27] IEC/TR 61010-3-020, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 3-020: Conformity verification report for IEC 61010-2-020, Particular requirements for laboratory centrifuges
[28] IEC/TR 61010-3-051, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 3-051: Conformity verification report for IEC 61010-2-051, Particular requirements for laboratory equipment for mixing and stirring
[29] IEC/TR 61010-3-061, Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use ¡ª Part 3-061: Conformity verification report for IEC 61010-2-061, Particular requirements for laboratory atomic spectrometers with thermal atomization and ionization
[30] IUPAC-IPCS Chemical Safety Matters, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,1992
[31] ISO/IEC Guide 63, Guide to the development and inclusion of safety aspects in International Standards for medical devices
[32] ISO/IEC Guide 51, Safety aspects ¡ª Guidelines for their inclusion in standards
[33] NCCLS GP5-A, Clinical laboratory waste management; Approved guideline. NCCLS,Wayne,PA1993
[34] NCCLS GP17-A, Clinical laboratory safety; Approved guideline. NCCLS,Wayne,PA1996
[35] NCCLS M29-A2, Protection of laboratory workers from occupationally acquired infections; Approved guideline. 2nd edn., NCCLS, Wayne, PA 2002
[36] PRUSS A., GIROULT E. and RUSHBROOK P., Safe management of wastes from healthcare activities, World Health Organization,Geneva, 1999
[37] Categorisation of Pathogens According to Hazard and Categories of Containment (ACDP).United KingdomDept. of Health,London
[38] Control of Substances Hazardous to Health and Control of Carcinogenic Substances and Control of Biological Agents. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations, Approved Code of Practice (ACOP). United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive, L 5, HSE Books,London, 1994
[39] Management and control of viral haemorrhagic fevers (ACDP). HSE Books, United Kingdom Dept. of Health,London, 1998
[40] Management of health and safety at work regulations. (ACOP), Manual Handling Operations Regulations, Guidance on Regulations. United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive, L 21, HSE Books,London, 1992
[41] Noise at Work, Noise Guide No. 1: Legal duties of employers to prevent damage to hearing.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, HSE Books,London
[42] Noise at Work, Noise Guide No. 2: Legal Duties of Designers, Manufacturers, Importers and Suppliers to Prevent Damage to Hearing.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, HSE Books,London
[43] Personal Protective Equipment at Work. Guidance on Regulations (ACOP).United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, L25,HSE Books,London, 1992
[44] Protection of Persons Against Ionizing Radiation Arising From Any Work Activity: The Ionizing Radiations Regulations. Approved Code of Practice.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, COP 16,HSE Books,London, 1985
[45] Respiratory Protective Equipment: A Practical Guide for Users.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, HS(G)53,HSE Books,London, 1990
[46] Work Equipment: Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, HSE Books,London, 1992
[47] Ergonomics at Work Regulations.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive,IND(G)90 L, HSE Books,London, 1990
[48] Seating at Work.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, HS(G)57, HSE Books,London, 1991
[49] Workplace Regulations. Approved Code ofPractice,United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive,HSE Books,London, 1992
[50] Management of Safety at Work Regulations. Approved Code of Practice.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, HSE Books,London
[51] Display Screen Equipment Work, Display Screen Equipment Regulations. Guidance on Regulations.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, L26, HSE Books,London, 1992
[52] Safe Working and the Prevention of Infection in Clinical Laboratories.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, C60,HSE Books,London, 1991
[53] Safe Working and the Prevention of Infection in Clinical Laboratories ¡ª Model Rules for Staff and Visitors.United KingdomHealth and Safety Executive, C41, HSE Books,London, 1991
[54] WHO Guidelines on the Safe Transport of Infectious Substances and Diagnostic Specimens. World Health Organization,Geneva
[55] Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 2nd edn., World Health Organization,Geneva, 1993
[56] Safety in health-care laboratories. World Health Organization, WHO/LAB/97.1,Geneva
[57] Safe management of wastes from health-care activities. World Health Organization,Geneva1999

¸ü¶à
Ïà¹ØÎÄÕ£º
Tags£º

ÉÏÒ»Ìõ£ºÊ³Æ·Ìí¼Ó¼ÁÃ÷½ºÉú²úÆóÒµÎÀÉú¹æ·¶(ÎÀ¼à¶½·¢[2005]535ºÅ)ÏÂÒ»Ìõ£ºÍò¼¶Î¢ÉúÎï½à¾»ÊÒ±ê×¼
Ê×Ò³ | ¹ØÓÚÎÒÃÇ | ½â¾ö·½°¸ | ¹¤³Ì°¸Àý | ¿Í»§ÖÐÐÄ | ½à¾»ÊÒ±ê×¼ | ¼¼ÊõÖÐÐÄ | ÁªÏµÎÒÃÇ
ÉîÛÚ¡¢·ðɽ¡¢¶«Ý¸¡¢ÖÐɽ¡¢½­ÃÅ¡¢»ÝÖÝ¡¢¹ãÖݾ»»¯¹¤³Ì¹«Ë¾|ÎÞ³¾³µ¼ä|½à¾»ÊÒ|ÎÞ³¾ÊÒ|¾»»¯³µ¼ä|¾»»¯³§·¿|½à¾»³§·¿|½à¾»³µ¼ä|½à¾»Åï|GMP³µ¼ä|GMP³§·¿µÈ¿Õµ÷½à¾»¹¤³ÌÊ©¹¤¼°·þÎñ
ÍØÕ¹ÔĶÁ£º10Íò¼¶¾»»¯³µ¼ä±ê×¼|ʵÑ鶯Îï·¿|ÖÐÑë³ø·¿|½à¾»ÊÒ»»Æø´ÎÊý|½à¾»ÊÖÊõÊҹ淶|GMP½à¾»¶ÈµÈ¼¶|ʳƷÉú²úÎÀÉú¹æ·¶|½à¾»³§·¿Ê©¹¤Òªµã|ÎÞ³¾³µ¼ä×Å×°¹æ·¶
Copyright © 2012-2018