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A
°±»ùÈýÒÒËá(NTA) aminotriacetic acid
°·»ùamino
炙ùammonium
°²È«µØ²ãsafe formation
°²È«ÊÔÆÆsafe destruction
°²È«×ê¾®safe drilling
ÛêÏÝdown warping region
òüºÏchelation
°¼ÏÝsag
°¼Ïݵزãsubsidence formation
°ÂÌÕϵOrdovician system
APIÄ£Äâ·¨API recommened method
B
¶à°Ðµãmultiple target point
°×Á¤Çàwhite asphalt
°×ÓÍmineral oil
°×ÔÆĸwhite mica
°ë͸Ĥsemipermeable membrane
°ü±»ÐõÄý¼Áflocculant
°ü±»envelop
°ü±»ÒÖÖÆÐÔencapsulating ability
±¥ºÍ¶Èsaturation
±¥ºÍ¶ÈÆÊÃæͼprofile map of degree of saturation
±¥ºÍÑÎË®saturated salt water
±³Ð±anticlinal
±µbarium
±½»·benzene ring
±½·Óphenyl hydroxide
±¾ÖÊÇø±ðessential difference
±Ãѹ¹ý¸ßoverhigh pumping pressure
±È±íÃæ»ýspecific surface area
±ÈÎüË®Á¿specific absorption
±ÈÖØÆ¿·¨density bottle method
±ÜÃâavoid
±ÍÂéÓÍricinus oil
±ß½çĦ²Áboundary friction
±âÔ壨¸¡ÓÎÖ²Îalgae
±ä»¯Ç÷ÊÆvariation trend
±ê×¼»¯standardization
±ê×¼Õ³¶È²âÁ¿standard visicosity measure
±íÃæ´Ö²Ú¶Èroughness of the surface
±íÃæµçλsurface electric potential
±íÃæ»îÐÔ¼Ásurfactant ,surface active agent
±íÃæÄÜinterface energy
±íÃæÕ³¶Èsurface viscosity
±íÃæÅ×¹âsample surface
Aibbs±íÃ浯ÐÔAibbs surface elasticity
±íÃæÕÅÁ¦surface tension
±íÃ÷verify /reveal
±íƤϵÊý(S) skin coefficient
±ï×êbit bouncing
±öºº·½³Ìbingham equation
±ûÈý´¼glycerine
±ûÏ©Çéacrylonitrile
±ûÏ©Ëáacrylic acid
±ûÏ©ËáÑÎacrylate
±ûÏ©õ£°·acrylamide
±¡¶øÈ͵ÄÄà±ýthin,plastic and compacted mud-cake
񭒪flake
±¡ÈõµØ²ãweak formation
²´ËɱÈpoisson¡¯s ratio
°þÀëpeel off
²¹¾Èremediation
²»·ÖÉ¢Äཬnondispersed mud
²»¸ÉÈŵØÖʼ¾®play no role in geological logging
²»¾ùÖÊ´¢²ãheterogeneous reservoir
²»¾ùÔÈuneven
²»¿ÉÄæirreversible
²»Í¬³Ì¶Èinordinately
²¿·ÖË®½â¾Û±ûÏ©õ£°·(PHPA) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide
C
²ÎÊýÓÅÑ¡parametric optimization
²ÐËáreacted acid
²ÐÓà±¥ºÍ¶Èresidual staturation
²ÐÔügel residue , solid residue
²âÁ¿measure
²àÁ´side chain
²à×êˮƽ¾®sidetrack horizontal well
²ã¼äinterlayer
²ã¼ä¾àthe distance between the two crystal layer, layer distance
²ãÀíbedding
²ãÁ÷layer flow
²î¼õ·¨minusing
³¢ÊÔtrial
²ñÓÍdiesel oil
³¤Á¬µÞºÏÎïlong chain associated matter
²Ù×÷·½·¨operation method
³¬Éì¾®high deep well
³¬ÉîԤ̽¾®ultradeep prospecting well
³¬Éù²¨ultrasonography
³¬¸ßÃܶÈÄཬextremely high density mud
³¬Ï¸Ì¼Ëá¸Æsuper-fine calcium carbonate
²ú²ãproduction/pay zone
²ú²ã¿÷¿Õreservoir voidage
²úÁ¿production ,output
³Áµíprecipitation
³Á½µsubside
³Á½µËÙ¶Èsettling rate
³ÁÉ°sand setting
³ÄÌ×sleeve
³ÌÐòprogram
³É¶Ôˮƽ¾®paired parallel horizontal wells
³É·Öingredient
³É½º¼Ágelatinizing agent
³ÉĤÊ÷Ö¬film-forming resin
³ÉÑÒÐÔ²îpoor diagenetic grade
³Ðѹbearing pressure
³ÐѹµÍlower pressure resistance
³ÐѹÄÜÁ¦loading capacity
³ß´çdimension
³âÁ¦repulsion
³ýÁòЧ¹ûsulfur limitation effect
³ýÁò¼Ásulfur elimination
³ýÉ°Æ÷desander
´¥±äÐÔthixotropy
´¥±ä¼Áthixotropic agent
´¹³Ásag
´¹Ö±¾®vertical well
³äÆø×ê¾®Òºaerated drilling fluid
´Å»¯magnetization
´ÎÉúÓлúÑôÀë×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïsecondary organic cationic polymer
³åÉ°sand removal
³åÊ´flush
³åË¢washing out
³åÏ´clean
³åϴЧÂÊcleaning efficiency
³åÏ´Òºwashing fluid
´Ó¡½Ç¶Èfrom the standpoint of
´Ôʽ¾®cluster well
³í»¯¼Ágelling agent
³íÓÍÇøviscous oil area
³íÓͲØhigh oil reservoir
³õ²½·ÖÎöpreliminary analysis
³õʼ³í¶Èinitial consistency
³õʼճ¶Èinitial viscosity
³õ̽primary investigation
´¦Àí¼Áadditive ,treating-agent
´Ö·ÖÉ¢Äཬcoarse dispersed mud
´ÖÅÝĶ©¹¤ÒÕcoarse-foam plugging technology
´ÙÄý¼Áaccelerating agent
´×Ëáacetate
´×ËáÄÆsodium acetate
´ÜÁ÷fluid channeling
´àÁÑembrittlement crack
´àÐÔbrittle/crisp ,fragility
´ß»¯¼Áaccelerant , catalyst
ÝÍÈ¡¼Áextracting agent
D
´ïÎ÷¶¨ÂÉDarcy¡¯s equation
´ó¶ÎË®²ãthick aqueous formation
´ó·Ö×ÓÇâ¼üÂçºÏ×÷ÓÃpolycomplexation of hydrogen bond
´ó»ÒÁ¿mass slurry
´ó¾®Ð±½Çhigh deviation angle
´ó¿éÑÒÑùbig rock sample
´ó¿é×êмmassive drilling cuttings
´óÀàgenera
´óÀíʯmarble
´óÀùʯ²ãlarge gravel bed
´óÁ¿·ÖÎöquantitative analysis
´óÅÅÁ¿Ï´¾®high flow rate washover
´óÅÅÁ¿Ñ»·high flow rate circulation
´óλÒƶ¨Ïò¾®extended-reach directional well
´óб¶È×ê¾®big inclination/angle drilling
´óÖ±¾¶¾®ÑÛlarge hole
´ú±íÐÔÑÒÐÄrepresentive core sample
µ¥ÄþËátannate
µ¥Ìåmonomer
µ¥Ïà¹Ø·ÖÎö·¨analyzing method of single correlation
µ¥Ïà¹ØϵÊý¼ÓȨcoefficient weighted method of single correlation
µ¥ÖΌѹǿ¶Èuniaxial compressive strength
µªnitrogen
N-ôǼ׼Á°·N-hydroxymethyl amine
µË®fresh water
µ¥ÏòѹÁ¦Ôݶ¼Áunidirectional pressure temporary plugging additive
µ¼ÏòÂݸË×ê¾ßstearable assemly
µ¼ÏòÆ÷guider
µÈÎÂÇúÏßisothermal curve
µÍ¶¾ÓÍ»ùlow toxicity oil based
µÍ·µËÙlow return-velocity
µÍ¹ÌÏàÄཬlow solid drilling fluid
µÍ¼¶È©low-grade aldehyde
µÍÕ³ÍÁÏàÄཬlow clay content drilling fluid
µÒÈû¶û¶Â©¼Ádiacel plugging agent
µÎ¶¨titration
µ×Ë®·á¸»basal water abundance
µ×Ë®ÓͲؾ®bottom water reservoir well
µÚ¶þ½çÃæsecond contact surface
µÞºÏÎïassociated matter
µØ²ãformation
µØ²ã³öÒºÁ¿formation fluid production
µØ²ãÆÆËéstraturn breaking
µØ²ãÇã½Ç´óhigher formation clination
µØ²ãË®formation water
µØ²ãËðº¦formation damage
µØÃæÑÒÐÄѹ¹¯surface core mercury injection test
µØÏÂË®groundwater , subsurface water
µØÓ¦Á¦ground stress
µØÖÊgeology
µØÖʹ¹Ôìgeologic structure
µí·Ûstarch
µç²âelectronic logging
µçµ¼ÂÊelectric conductivity
µçºÉelectricity
µç»¯Ñ§·¨electrochemistry method
µç½âÖÊelectrolyte
µç¾µ·ÖÎöelectronic microscope photos
µçλpotential fall
¦Îµçλzeta potential
µçÐÔelectric property
µçÓ¾·¨electrophoresis method
µç×Ó̽Õëelectron spectrum
µ÷²écensus
¶¥Ìæ¹ý³Ìdisplacing operation
¶¨Á¿Éè¼Æquantitative design
¶¨Ïò¾®direction well
¶¨×Óstator
¶³½ºgel
¶¯¾²µ¯ÐÔÄ£Á¿dynamic and static elasticity modulus
¶¯Á¦Îȶ¨ÐÔsettling stability
¶¯Á¦Ñ§kinetics
¶¯Ì¬ÂËʧdynamic filtration
¶¯ÇÐÁ¦yield value
¶¯ËܱÈratio of dynamic shear force/yield value to plastic viscosity
¶Â©plugging
¶ÂÈûseal
¶ÂÈû±È(DR) damage ratio
¶ÂÈûÎïbulkhead
¶ÂË®water shutoff
¶¾ÐÔ´óhigh toxicity
¶¾ÐÔÎÛȾ»·¾³toxicity ruins the environment
¶Ì¹ý¶Éshort transition time
¶ÌÏËάbrief fiber
¶Ï²ã·¢Óýmature fault
¶ÏÁÑ´øfaulted zone
¶Ô²ßcountermeasure
¶à²ú²ãmultilayered reservoir
¶à·ÖÖ§²à×ê¾®multi-lateral sidetracking well
¶à¹¦ÄÜÌí¼Ó¼Ámultifunction additive
¶à¿×½éÖÊporons medium
¶àÄ¿±ê¶¨Ïò¾®multi-target directional well
¶àÏàÎÈ̬½ºÌåÐü¸¡Ìåϵpolynomial gel suspension system
¶àÔª´¼polyatomic alcohol
¶àÔª·ÇÏßÐԻعémultielement non-linesr regression
¶àԪͳ¼Æmultivariate statistics
¶èÐÔ²ÄÁÏinert material
¶èÐÔÈ󻬼Áinert lubricant
E
¶þ´Î³Áµísecondary precipitation
¶þµþϵPermian system
¶þ¼×°·dimethylamine
¶þ¼×»ù¶þÏ©±û»ùÂÈ»¯ï§dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride
¶þ¼ÛÑôÀë×Óbivalent ion
¶þ¿ªsecond section
¶þÑõ»¯Ì¼£¨CO2£©carbon dioxide
¶þÔª¹²¾ÛÎïbinary polymer
F
·¢Æø¼Ágas-development
·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆdevelopment tendency
·´ÅŽâ¶Âplug removal by reverse flow
·¶ÊÏÁ¦van der waals force
·¶ÊÏÕ³¶È¼Æfann viscosimeter
·µ»Øgo back to
·½±ã×ê¾®Òº¸´ºÏ·Ûconvenient mud compound powder
·½³Ìequation
·¼ÏãÌþaromatic group
·À´ÜË®Äàanti-fluid-channeling cement
·À¸¯anti-corrosion
·À¿¨pipe-sticking prevention ,anti-sticking
·À©ʧlost circulation prevention
·ÀÆø´Üanti-fluid-channeling
·ÀËú»úÀímechanism of anti-caving
·ÀËú¼Áanti-caving/collapse agent , clay stabilizer
·ÀÖ¹prevent¡from
·ÄÖ¯textile
·Å¿Õ²»·µloss of bit load with loss return
·ÅÉäÐÔʾ×Ù¼Áradioactive tracer tritium
·Ç¾ùÖÊnonhomogeneity
·ÇÀë×Ónonionic
·ÇÅ£¶ÙÁ÷Ìånon-newtonian fluid
·ÇÉø͸ÐÔimpervious
·ÏÄཬmud disposal
·Ðʯzeolite
·Ö²¼distribution
·Ö¶Î¹Ì¾®¼¼Êõstage cementing technology
·Ö¹â¶È·¨spectrophotometer
·ÖÀàdivision
·ÖÉ¢dispersion
·ÖÉ¢¼Ádispersant
·ÖÉ¢½éÖÊdispersion medium
·ÖÎöanalysis
·ÖÐÎÀíÂÛfractal theory
·ÖÐμ¸ºÎfractal geometry
·Ö×Ómolecules
·Ö×Ó¼äÄÜÁ¿½»»»energy exchange between molecules
·Ö×ÓÁ¿molecular weight
·Ö×ÓÁ´molecular chain
·Ö×ÓÐÎ̬shape of molecular chain
·Û³¾dust
·Ûú»Òfly ash
·ÛÄ©powder
·ÛÉ°ÖÊaleuritic texture
·ÓôÇ»ùµÄÁÚλ»ò¶ÔλÇâp-or o-hydrogen atom of phenolic group
·â±Õ¼Ásealing agent
·â±ÕÎȶ¨good isolation
·â¶Âformation sealing
·â¶Â¼Áformation sealant
·â¹Ì¶Îinterval isolation
·öÕýÆ÷centralizer
·úÅðËáborofluorhydric
¸¡Á¦Ð§Ó¦effect of buoyancy
·õ»¯ËÙ¶Èincubation
¸¡ÓÎÖ²Îïfloating vegetation
¸´ºÏcombine
¸´ºÏÀë×Ómultifunctional ionic
¸´ºÏÀë×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïamphiprotic/amphoteric polymers ,
¸´ºÏ½ðÊôÁ½ÐÔÀë×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïcomposite metal zwitterionic polymer
¸´ºÏ¾ÛºÏÎïÄཬcompound-polymer mud
¸´Åä·½°¸compositional formulation
¸´Ôӵزãcomplex formation, troublesome region ,trick formation
¸´ÔÓ¶Ècomplex rate
¸´ÔÓʱЧoutage time
¸´ÔÓÇé¿ödown-hole troublesome condition
¸¯Ê´corrosion
¸¯Ê´µçλcorrosion potential
¸¯Ê´ËÙÂÊcorrosion rate
¸¯Ö³Ëáhumate ,humic acid
¸¯Ö³Ëá¼Ø(KHm) potassium humic
¸¨ÁÏauxiliary material
¸ºnegative
¸ºÑ¹×ê¾®underbalanced drilling
·ûºÏaccord with
·ûºÏÂÊcoincidence rate
¸±²úÆ·by-product
¸½¼ÓÃܶÈaddition mud density
G
¸ÄÉÆÄà±ýÖÊÁ¿improvement of mud cake
¸ÄÐÔmodification
¸ÄÐÔµí·Ûmodified starch
¸ÄÐÔÁ¤Çàmodified asphalt
¸ÄÔìrefomation
¸Æcalcium
¸Æ·¯Ê¯ettringite
¸ÆÅòÈóÍÁÄÆ»¯sodium modified calcium betonite
¸É»ì°è¼¼Êõmixing technology
¸ÉÈÅinterfere with
¸ÊÓÍglycerol
ï¯zirconium
¸ß·Ö×Óhigher molecular weight
¸ß·Ö×Ó¾ÛºÏÎïmacromoleclar polymer
¸ß·Ö×ÓÐõÄý¼Ápolymer flocculant
¸ß¸ººÉhigh load
¸ß¼¶Ö¬·¾´¼Ê÷Ö¬higher fatty alcohol
¸ß¼Û½ðÊôÑôÀë×Óhigh valent cationic
¸ß½Ç¶È΢ÁÑ·ìhigh angle micro-fracture
¸ß¿ó»¯¶ÈµØ²ãË®highly mineralized formation brines
¸ßÁëÍÁkaolinite
¸ß¯¿óÔü(BFS) blast furnace slag
¸ßÃܶÈ×ê¾®Òºhigh density drilling fluid
¸ßÄѶÈhigh challenge
¸ßÕ³¶ÈÇåɨҺviscous sweeping fluid
¸ßÉ°±Èhigh sand ratio
¸ßξ²ÖÃquiescence in high temperature
¸ßÎÂÄཬhigh-temperature mud
¸ßÎüË®Á¿Ê÷Ö¬absorbent resin
¸ßθßѹÁ÷±äÒÇHTHP rheometer
¸ßЧÈ󻬼Ásuper lubricant
¸ßѹÑÎË®²ãhigh pressured slatwater layer
¸àÑÒ²ãgypsolyte
¸àÖÊÄàÑÒcreaming mudstone
¸à×´»Ç»¯Á¤Çàpaste sulphonated asphalt
¸ôÀë³åÏ´Òºspacer/flushing fluid
¸ôÀëĤisolating membrane
¸÷ÏòÒìÐÔanisotropy
¹¤³Ìengineering
¹²¾Ûcopolymerization
¹²¾ÛÎïcopolymer
¹²¾ÛÎïÀཱུճ¼Ácopolymer thinner
¹·ÍÈdogleg
¹¹ÔìÁÑ·ìstructural fracture
¹Ì»¯solidification
¹Ì»¯¼Áhardener , curing agent
¹Ì¾®¼¼Êõcementing technology
¹ÌÌåÍÅ¿ésolid cake
¹ÌÏàsolid phase
¹ÌÏຬÁ¿solid concentration
¹ÌÏà¿ÅÁ£solid particles
¹ÌÏà¿ÅÁ£ÇÖÈësolid invasion
¹ÌÏà¿ØÖƼ¼Êõsolid control technology
¹ÌÏàËðº¦damage of particles
¹ÌÒº·ÖÀë¼¼Êõcentrifugal separation method
ëÒ½ºguargum
¹Ï¶û½ºguar
¹ÒƬʧÖØ·¨weight loss method
¹Øµôµç»úturn off the power
¹âÆ×spectroscopy
¹èsilicone
¹è·Ûsilica powder
¹è·úfluosilicic
¹èÂÁ±Èratio of silicate to aluminium
¹èËáÄÆsodium silicate
¹èËáÑÎsilicate
¹öÂÖʧÖØ·¨roller weight loss method
¹úÄÚÍâhome and abroad
¹ý¶É½ðÊôtransitional metal
¹ýƽºâѹÁ¦over-balanced pressure
¹ýʣŨ¶Èresidual concentration
¹ýÑõ»¯Îïperoxide
º£ÂÌʯchlorite
º£ÉÏoffshore
º£Ë®Äཬsea water mud
º£Íåbay
º£ÑóÉúÎïmarine animal
º¬Á¿content
º¬Ë®Á¿moisture content
ºÄÑõÁ¿£¨COD£©chemical oxygen demand
ºÄÑõÁ¿(BOD520) biological oxygen demand
ºËÌÒ¿Ç·Ûwalnut shell flour
ºË´Å¹²Õñ£¨NMR£©nuclear magnetic resonance
ºÏ³Ésynthesis
ºÏ³É»ù×ê¾®Òºsynthetic base drilling fluid
ºÏ¸ñeligible
ºÏÀí¼¶Åäreasonable distribution
ºÖúlignite
ºÕ°ÍģʽHerschel-Buckley model
ºÚÉ«Õýµç½º(BPG) black positive gel
ºã¶¨ÂËʧËÙÂÊconstant filtration rate
ºù«´®irregular borehole
»¤½º¼Ácolloid protecting resistance
»¤½º×÷ÓÃcolloid stability
»¥²ãinterbeded
ºìÍâ¹âÆ×infrared spectrography
»¨¸ÚÑÒgranite
»®ÑÛ×÷Òµreaming operation
»¯Ñ§òüºÏ¼Áchelating agent
»¯Ñ§³åÏ´Òºchemically washing solution
»¯Ñ§½á¹¸(³Áµí) chemical precipitation
»·±£ÐÍenvironment friendly /acceptable
»·¾³±£»¤environment protection
»·¿Õµ±Á¿ÃܶÈannular equivalent density
»·¿Õ·µËÙvelocity in annular
»·¿ÕѹºÄannular pressure lost
»·Ñõ±ûÍéepoxypropare
»·ÑõÂȱûÍé(ECH) epoxy chloropropane ,epichlorohydric
»ºÊ´¼Ácorrosion inhibitor
»Ç»¯sulfonation
»Ç»¯·ÓÈ©Ê÷Ö¬sulfomethal phenolaldehy resin
»Ç»¯¼Ásulfonating agent
»Ç»¯Àà´¦Àí¼Ásulfonated additives
»Ç»¯Á¤Çàsulfonated gilsonite
»Ç»¯Á¤ÇàÄཬsulfonated-asphalt mud
»Ç¼×»ù·ÓÈ©Ê÷Ö¬sulfonated methypheuo formald-ehyde
»ÇËá»ùÍÅsulfonic acid group ,sulfo group
»ÒÉ«¹ØÁª·ÖÎö·¨gray relative analysis method
»ÒÑÒlimestone
»Ø¹é·ÖÎöregressive analysis
»ØÊÕÂÊrecovery percent
»ØÌ¸ûrefilling for plowland
»ð³ÉÑÒigneous rock
»ðɽÅç·¢ÑÒvolcanic
»ìºÏ½ðÊô²ã×´ÇâÑõ»¯Îï(MMLHC) mixed metal layer hydroxide compound
»ìºÏ½ðÊôÇâÑõ»¯Îï(MMH) mixed metal hydroxides
»ìºÏÏËάcomposite fiber
»ìºÏÑÎË®mixed salt
»î¶¯Ì×¹Ümoving casing
»î¶Èwater activity
»îÐÔ¹è»Òactivated grammite
»îÐÔÕ³ÍÁ¿óÎïactive clayey mineral
»îÐÔÎÛÄà·¨activated sludge process
ºê¹Ûmacroscopic
J
»ùÒºbase fluid
»úеÁ¦mechanical
»úеÔÓÖÊmechanical impurity
»úе×êËÙ(ROP) rate of penetrate
¼°Ê±·´³ötimely return
¼«ÏÞ¼ôÇÐÕ³¶Èhigh shear viscosity
¼«ÏÞÓ¦±äultimate strain
¼«ÐÔ»ùÍÅpolar group
¼«Ñ¹È󻬼Ápressured/extreme lubricator
¼·¶Âsqueeze
¼¤¹â¶àÆÕÀÕ²âËÙÒÇ(LDA) laser Doppler anemometer
¼¤¹âÁ£¶ÈÒÇlaser particle analyzer
¼¤»î¼Áactivator
¼¼Êõ´ëÊ©technical measure
¼¼Êõ½²×ùworkshop for technology
¼¼Êõ¾¼ÃЧ¹ûtechnical-economic effect
¼¼ÊõÌ×¹Üintermediate casing
¼¾ï§ÑÎquaternary ammonium, anionic group
¼Øpotassium ,kalium
¼Ø»ùʯ»ÒÄཬpotassium base lime mud
¼×¹èÍé»ù»¯´¦Àímethylsilicane
¼×»ùmethyl
¼×»ù¹èÓ;ۻǸßÃܶÈ×ê¾®Òºmethyl silicone oil polysulfonate
drilling fluid with high density
¼×È©formaldehyde , methanal
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Even some ardent conservationists acknowledge that the diversity of life on Earth cannot be fully sustained as human populations expand use more resources nudge the climate and move weedlike pests and predators from place to place.
Given that some losses are inevitable the debate among many experts has shifted to an uncomfortable subject what level of loss is acceptable. The discussion is taking place at both the local and global levels How small can a fragment of an ecosystem be and still function in all its richness and thus be considered preserved?And as global biodiversity diminishes is it a valid fallback strategy to bank organisms and genes in zoos DNA banks or the like or does this simply justify more habitat destruction?Is nature on ice a sufficient substitute for the real thing?Some conservation groups have strenuously avoided or even attacked such calculations and strategies. They say there is no safe diminution of habitat as long as human understanding of ecology is as sketchy as it is a fallback strategy is unthinkable. Furthermore banking nature in a deep freeze or database of gene sequences cannot capture context. For instance even if a vanished bird was someday reconstituted from its genes would it warble with the same fluency as its ancestors?On the other side of the debate those considering what the smallest viable habitats are or how to expand archives as an insurance policy say that recent trends have proved that old conservation strategies are no longer sufficient. A few decades ago the issue seemed fairly uncomplicated identify biological ¡°hot spots¡± or species of concern and establish as many reserves as possible. But the picture has grown murky.
Twenty?four years ago Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy and other biologists began a remarkable experiment on the fast?eroding fringe of rain forest near the Brazilian city ofManaus. They established 11 forest tracts ranging from 2.5 to 250 acres each surrounded by an isolating sea of pasture similar to what is advancing around most other tropical forests. Among the many findings an analysis published last week on birds in the lower layers of greenery found that it would take a fragment measuring at least 2 500 acres¡ª10 times as large as the biggest one in the experiment¡ªto prevent a decline of 50 percent in those bird varieties in just 15 years or so.
In the understated language of science the new study in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concludes¡°This is unfortunate when one considers that for some species?rich areas of the planet a large proportion of remaining forest is in fragments smaller than 2 500 acres.¡±
In the face of this and other evidence a growing group of conservation biologists say try everything at the same time. ¡°Clearly the most effective way to protect biodiversity is to protect natural areas ¡± said Dr. Peter H. Raven the director of theMissouriBotanical Garden¡°and to find those organisms most endangered in nature and somehow protect them in type?culture collections botanical gardens zoos seed banks or whatever.¡±But most important he said is to find ways to limit human pressures on the world¡¯s last wild places by slowing population growth and using resources more efficiently. One pioneer of genetic deconstruction Dr. J. Craig Venter agrees with Dr. Raven. Dr. Venter has moved from sequencing the DNA of humans and other species to assaying genes in entire ecosystems most recently the waters of the?SargassoSea. In five 50?gallon samples gathered in February he said his team had found 1 million distinct genes quite a haul compared with the 26 000 or so of a human being. And that is the tiniest scratch in the surface he added. His is one effort among many.Britainhas a Millennium Seed Bank a growing archive of all the country¡¯s plants. The San Diego Zoo has its parallel Frozen Zoo an archive of thousands of DNA samples and cell lines from a host of species. Nonetheless given the overwhelming complexity of nature Dr. Venter added ¡°we¡¯re better off trying to preserve the diversity of what we have rather than trying to regenerate it in the future.¡±
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